<p>Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site, also known as Erie Canal National Historic Landmark, is a historic district that includes the ruins of the Erie Canal aqueduct over Schoharie Creek, and a 3.5 mi long part of the Erie Canal, in the towns of Glen and Florida within Montgomery County, New York. It was the first part of the old canal to be designated a National Historic Landmark, prior to the designation of the entire New York State Barge Canal as an NHL in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tiononderoge and Fort Hunter</h3><br>
<p>Located at the south east corner of the confluence of the Mohawk River and Schoharie Creek was the Native American fortified village of Tiononderoge. The name is Mohawk meaning "the meeting of the waters". The settlement was occupied from around 1710 to the beginning of the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has been estimated that approximately 360 people lived in the village in 1713, declining to 204 by 1750. Europeans called the village the Lower Castle from its position as the major eastern settlement (furthest downstream) of the Mohawk.</p><br>
<p>In 1710, Peter Schuyler, mayor of Albany, invited three Mohawk chiefs and one Mahican chief (of the Algonquian-speaking peoples) to travel to England and visit Queen Anne to solidify their trading alliance. The Mohawk chiefs asked for help in defense against the French, including Anglican missionaries to offset French Catholic influence among their people. Numerous Catholic Mohawk had moved up to the St. Lawrence River valley, where they settled south of Montreal at a village they named Kahnawake, after their former Caughnawaga in the Mohawk Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Mohawk offered help in settling Palatine German refugees in New York, who had arrived that year and were working in English camps along the Hudson River. Hendrick Tejonihokarawa offered Mohawk land near the Schoharie. Later it was offered to the Germans through Governor Hunter, and some settled in the Schoharie Valley.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the Mohawk request for aid, Queen Anne authorized Schuyler to build Fort Hunter, named after Colonial Governor Robert Hunter; the complex was completed in 1712, located near where Schoharie Creek entered the Mohawk River. The fort was 150-foot square with a blockhouse at each corner. The main gate faced north. A wooden chapel was built at the center. The chapel was named after Queen Anne, who sent communion silver and other items to furnish it.</p><br>
<p>In 1741, Queen Anne&#39;s Chapel was rebuilt using limestone blocks that were quarried locally. By 1775, colonists estimated 600 "praying Indians" (Christians) lived at Fort Hunter.</p><br>
<p>Shortly thereafter, fighting broke out in the Mohawk Valley and across the colonies as part of the American Revolution. The Mohawks sided with England, as they had for the previous century in conflicts with the French. Fighting alongside the British at the Battle of Oriskany and the Battle of Freeman&#39;s Farm, many of the Mohawk soon became disgusted with the British management of the conflicts and left to join their cousins, the Turtle clan, in the Saint Lawrence Valley.</p><br>
<p>In 1780, Mohawk warriors joined Sir John Johnson and Joseph Brant in fighting against the rebellious colonists in the Mohawk Valley. They participated in raids known as the "Burning of the Valleys". During one of the raids, a group of men retrieved Queen Anne&#39;s gifts, which had been buried at Fort Hunter. Today they are displayed at Brantford and Tyendinaga, Ontario, Canada.</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolutionary War, Queen Anne&#39;s Chapel was used for a time as a tavern and stable, to house the many migrants at Fort Hunter, which had developed into a village. They were moving west along the valley into areas of New York state newly opened for European-American settlement since the Iroquois, as allies of the British, were forced to cede their lands after the British defeat. The chapel was torn down during the construction of the Erie Canal, which was completed in 1825.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 and 1958 a group of Mohawks from Kanawake set up an encampment at Schorarie Creek after being displaced by the St. Lawrence Seaway project. According to Chief Standing Arrow, the land along the Schorarie had been ceded to the Mohawk in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) in exchange for lands in the Ohio Valley, and illegally sold to settlers. The private landowner and the New York State Thruway objected to the settlement. It was abandoned after the Mohawks lost their case in court and were evicted.</p><br>
<h3>Original Erie Canal</h3><br>
<p>Construction for the Erie Canal was begun on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New York. Within six years the section of the canal through Fort Hunter was completed (1822).</p><br>
<p>The canal originally crossed through the creek in a slack water pool that was created by a log and stone dam. Remnants of which can be seen when the water is low, further down the creek. Boats would then be towed across while mules and horses were ferried. A towpath bridge was later built to help mules cross but the boats still had to make the dangerous crossing.</p><br>
<p>Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site is one of the only sites where the Original Erie Canal remains. It runs from the Schoharie Creek to the Enlarged Erie Canal Lock 29 - also known as Empire Lock. Along the way are some significant features.</p><br>
<p>A guard lock was constructed on the east side of the Schoharie Creek. This lock did not raise the level of the canal but rather protected the canal banks from high and often tumultuous waters in the Schoharie Creek. The Fort Hunter guard lock is the only guard lock that survives from the original canal. Folk lore states that the lock was built using the limestone blocks from Queen Anne&#39;s Chapel, which was razed to make way for the canal.</p><br>
<p>Further down the canal, near the Enlarged Erie Canal Lock 29, is the Original Erie Canal Lock 20. Lock 20 is the only lift lock that survives from the original canal. Though carefully filled in during the early 1980s to avoid total collapse of the stonework, this lock demonstrates the dimensions as well as situation of the original canal in reference to the Enlarged Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>Both Lock 20 and the guard lock were filled with gravel in 1980 to stabilize them.</p><br>
<h3>Enlarged Erie Canal</h3><br>
<p>Soon after the original Erie Canal was completed, traffic outgrew it. By the 1830s, it was decided that the entire length would have to be enlarged to keep up with growing trade. The Enlarged Erie Canal construction era lasted from 1836 to 1862. During this time the overall length of the canal was reduced as well as number of locks. The canal locks were "doubled" - meaning that two chambers were constructed side by side.</p><br>
<p>In Fort Hunter, the path of the canal was moved so that an aqueduct could be constructed across Schoharie Creek. Construction began on the Schoharie Aqueduct in 1839 by Otis Eddy and was completed in 1841. Fourteen arches spanning 624 feet carried the Enlarged Erie Canal and towpath across the Schoharie Creek from 1845 until 1916.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, the Army Corps of Engineers demolished the easternmost six arches of the aqueduct to alleviate ice jams. A seventh arch collapsed during a 1977 flood, and an eighth collapsed on August 16, 1998. Six arches remain standing today.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct was named a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Schoharie Creek Aqueduct is on the Preservation League of NYS "" list for 2018-2019.</p><br>
<p>The Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site includes many other remnants of the Enlarged Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>"Yankee Hill" Lock 28 and Putmans Canal Store are located off of Queen Anne Street. The lock was built during the enlargement in the 1840s. Putmans was built in 1856 by the family of Garrett Putman and was used as a canal store through the early 1900s. There is a small exhibit inside the building about canal stores of the era.</p><br>
<p>"Empire" Lock 29 is located just east of East Church Street in Fort Hunter. It was constructed in the 1840s by James Ott and is one of the best preserved locks from the enlarged Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>Lock 30 was built by James Stewart in the 1840s. In 1956, the lock was filled in and paved over to make way for an adjustment to Main Street.</p><br>
<h3>Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site</h3><br>
<p>The Fort Hunter Canal Society was formed in the 1950s to preserve the ruins of the Erie Canal in Fort Hunter.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the state-owned land at Fort Hunter was transferred to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site was formed.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the years, many changes, additions, and improvements have been made.</p><br>
<p>The Visitor Center - which opened in 1987 - is located at 129 Schoharie Street in Fort Hunter, Montgomery County, New York. When the parking lot was put in, remains of a stone wall were uncovered. The remains were believed to be associated with the original Fort Hunter and Queen Anne&#39;s Chapel. During the flooding caused by Hurricane Irene in 2011, the parking lot was washed away, revealing the foundation for the mid-18th century Fort Hunter.</p><br>
<p>A new exhibit in the Visitor Center, "Pathway to Empire: How the Erie Canal Helped Build America" opened in 2018 to mark the celebration of the canal&#39;s bicentennial. The permanent exhibit at the site interprets the history of the Erie Canal as well as Fort Hunter. It brings visitors through the progression of the canal system in New York from concept to construction and on to modern usage. Restrooms and a gift shop are located here.</p><br>
<p>Yankee Hill Lock Picnic area is located on Queen Anne Street by Lock 28 and Putman&#39;s Canal Store.</p><br>
<p>A boat launch and picnic area are located at the end of Dufel Road on the west side of the Schoharie Creek.</p><br>
<p>Lower Shavertown Bridge is a wooden covered bridge over Trout Creek in the town of Hancock in Delaware County, New York, USA. It was originally erected in the hamlet of Shaverton in 1877 as a crossing of Lower Beech Hill Brook, and moved to its present location at Methol in 1954. It is 32 feet long and is a wood-plank-framed, gable-roofed, single-span bridge. It is one of 29 covered bridges in New York State.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Ashokan Bridge  is a wooden covered bridge over Esopus Creek on the grounds of the Ashokan Center, in Ulster County, New York, United States. It was built in 1885, and is a single span, gable roofed, covered timber bridge. It measures 72 feet, 6 inches, long and 16 feet, 4 inches, wide. It was originally located at Turnwood and moved to its present location in 1939. It is situated in the Ashokan Center, which was formerly the Ashokan Field Campus of the State University of New York at New Paltz.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>It is one of 29 covered bridges in New York State.</p><br>
<p>The William Henry Seward Memorial is located along Main Street  in downtown Florida, New York. It commemorates the life of Seward, a Florida native whose career in public service culminated with his tenure as Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln, in which capacity he negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia.</p><br>
<p>It consists of a bronze bust of Seward by Daniel Chester French, who also sculpted Lincoln seated at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, set in the middle of a small circular plaza with benches designed by Richard Henry Dana III. Just behind it is S. S. Seward Institute, the local secondary school, named after Seward&#39;s father. It was unveiled September 24, 1930, and restored in 2000 after being added to the National Register of Historic Places the year before.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the memorial was vandalized. Seward&#39;s bust was shifted and one of the benches cracked.</p><br>
<p>The King of Prussia Inn is a historic tavern in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original inn was constructed as a cottage in 1719 by the Welsh Quakers William and Janet Rees, founders of nearby Reesville. The cottage was converted to an inn in 1769 and was important in colonial times as it was approximately a days travel by horse from Philadelphia. A number of settlers heading from there for Ohio would sleep at the inn for their first night on the road. In 1774 the Rees family hired James Barry (or Jimmy Berry) to run the inn, which henceforth became known as "Berrys Tavern". General George Washington first visited the tavern on Thanksgiving Day in 1777 while the Continental Army was encamped at Whitemarsh; a few weeks later Washington and the army bivouacked at nearby Valley Forge.</p><br>
<p>A map created by William Parker, an American Loyalist, listed the inn as "Berry&#39;s" in 1777, but a local petition in 1786 identified it as the "King of Prussia". It was possibly renamed to entice German soldiers fighting in the American Revolution to remain in this area. At some point a wooden signboard of the inn depicted King Frederick the Great of Prussia. The inn was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 23, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Diary of Johann Conrad Döhla</h2><br>
<p>The King of Prussia Inn is mentioned in a 1778 entry from the diary of Johann Conrad Döhla, a soldier from Ansbach-Bayreuth who fought on the British side during the war:</p><br>
<h2>Relocation</h2><br>
<p>The inn was forced to move with the expansion of USA Route 202. USA 202 is a major north–south highway that passes through the town from southwest to northeast. Its construction as an expressway would have caused the destruction of the King of Prussia Inn; however, historic preservationists managed to prevail upon the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to avoid this structure by building north and southbound lanes on either side of it.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania acquired the property on which the inn was located in 1952. The King of Prussia Chamber of Commerce (now the Montgomery County Chamber of Commerce) has occupied the building since the restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Plano Stone Church was constructed in 1868 to serve as the headquarters for the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints  under the leadership of Joseph Smith III. Smith moved to Plano, Illinois, in 1866 and in 1867 was appointed head of the Stone Church&#39;s building committee. Smith and the committee selected the site, design and builder for the structure. The Plano Stone Church served as the headquarters of the RLDS from its completion in 1868 until Smith, his family, and the church moved to Lamoni, Iowa, in 1881.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed in the Greek Revival style with exterior walls of sandstone. The interior consists of two rooms, a vestibule and the main room. The structure underwent a series of changes during the 1940s including the enclosure of two alcoves in the vestibule. Plano Stone Church was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Smith III became the president and prophet of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS) in 1860, 16 years after the death of his father Joseph Smith. Following the elder Smiths murder in Carthage, Illinois, many of the faithful in the Midwest accepted Brigham Youngs leadership and followed him to the Salt Lake Basin. A group of Latter Day Saints did stay behind in the Midwest, believing that the rightful line of succession for church leadership lay with Smith. The younger Smith accepted the leadership role with the newly named "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" after church leaders attempted several times to persuade him.</p><br>
<p>Plans for Smith&#39;s move commenced in 1865, and by January 1866 Smith and his family had relocated from Nauvoo to Plano, Illinois. Smith was persuaded to make the move by church members and leaders in Kendall County; the headquarters of the RLDS moved from Nauvoo to Plano with the Smith family. Once in Plano, Smith became the editor-in-chief of the Saints Herald, the official publication the RLDS.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the congregation in Plano appointed a building committee for the construction of a church building for the congregation, naming Smith as its chairman. Smith and the committee selected the site, design and builders for the project.</p><br>
<p>Between 1868 and 1881 Smith was active in church leadership and local politics, holding office as village trustee and local justice of the peace. He resigned his position as magistrate in March 1880 after he met with criticism for canceling a court hearing in favor of a church appointment.</p><br>
<p>The church building is still home to a congregation of the RLDS, renamed Community of Christ in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is cast in the Greek Revival style, and its foundation and walls are constructed from sandstone. The one-story, symmetrical, rectangular building has a front gabled roof which meets the wall with a slight overhang and wide frieze below; both features are typical of the Greek Revival style. The front (east) facade is built from rock-face sandstone in regular courses, the three remaining walls feature rough-cut stone in irregular courses. Each side wall (north and south) has four windows with round, stone, arched lintels, keystones and stone sills. Each window features a full round arch and a nine over nine sash. Each of the building&#39;s four corners is adorned with stone quoins as are all of the windows. The front, double-door has a semi-circular transom window and a stone hood with a keystone above it.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Plano Stone Church consists of two rooms, a small 8 ft by 12 ft vestibule at the entry way, and the main room. The main room has a cove ceiling and a raised dais at its west (front) end. The interior wainscotting, doors, and window sashes are all original. The original pews feature wrought iron end pieces and other furnishings include a wooden pulpit.</p><br>
<p>The building has undergone alterations and renovations during its history. The original stone stairs on the exterior were removed and replaced. Most of the structure&#39;s alterations occurred during the 1940s and were on its interior. Inside, there were originally two alcoves off the vestibule which contained stoves used for heating. These alcoves have since been enclosed: one serves as the basement stairway access and the other as a closet. Other changes during the 1940s include the addition of a projecting bay behind the pulpit and amber glass panes to the windows.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Plano Stone Church is most significant for its years as headquarters for the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, from 1868&ndash;1881. On November 2, 1990 the structure was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The church was listed on the National Register for its role as the headquarters of the RLDS and its association with the first RLDS president Joseph Smith III.</p><br>
<p>Fort Montgomery on Lake Champlain is the second of two American forts built at the northernmost point of the American part of the lake: a first, unnamed fort built on the same site in 1816 and Fort Montgomery built in 1844.</p><br>
<p>The current massive stone fortification, the second fort, was built between 1844 and 1871 at the Canada–US border of Lake Champlain at Island Point in the village of Rouses Point, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<h3>"Fort Blunder"</h3><br>
<p>Construction had begun on the first fort at this location, an octagonal structure with 30 ft walls, in 1816 to protect against an attack from British Canada such as that which led to the Battle of Plattsburgh in 1814. In July 1817, President James Monroe visited the incomplete fortification and the adjacent military reservation known locally as "the commons". However, due to an earlier surveying error it was later found that this first fort was inadvertently built on the Canadian side of the border, resulting in its sometimes being better known as "Fort Blunder".</p><br>
<p>When a new survey discovered that the 45th parallel was actually located some 0.75 mi south, effectively placing the fort in Canada, all construction on this first fort stopped and the site was abandoned. Much of its material was scavenged by the locals for use in their own homes and public buildings.</p><br>
<p>No evidence has come to light that this first fort was ever named, with most contemporary documents simply referring to it as the "works", "fortification", or "battery" at Rouse&#39;s Point. It is often mistakenly referred to as Fort Montgomery. The site of the first fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name "Fort Montgomery" in 1977.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Montgomery</h3><br>
<p>It was ultimately decided that a second fort would be constructed on the site after the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 ceded strategically important Island Point, the site of the 1816 fort and the northernmost point on Lake Champlain, to the United States. Construction began on the new fortification two years later in 1844, dubbed Fort Montgomery, in honor of the Revolutionary War soldier Major general Richard Montgomery who was killed at Quebec City during the 1775 invasion of Canada. Fort Montgomery was one of a very few "Permanent" or "Third System" forts built along the Northern Frontier, most being constructed along the Atlantic Coast.</p><br>
<p>Work on the fort remained almost continuous through 1870, with the peak of construction taking a frenzied pace during the American Civil War, amidst rumors of possible British intervention against the Union from Canada. Possibly to assuage those concerns, a detachment of the 14th USA Infantry was actually garrisoned at the fort for three months in 1862. These fears were eventually proven to be not that far-fetched when the St. Albans Raid, the northernmost action of the Civil War, took place in nearby Vermont in 1864 involving a raid by 21 Confederate soldiers from Canada.</p><br>
<p>Over the roughly 30-year period of Fort Montgomerys construction, no expense was spared and the work represented some of the periods most advanced military technology. At peak points on the project, the labor force consisted of roughly 400 stonecutters and masons plying their trades at the site. When its basic structure was completed, the fortification boasted walls some 48 ft high and gun emplacements for 125 cannon on three tiers.</p><br>
<p>The fort was also one of only nine examples constructed in the United States to have a moat, another being Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. This made Fort Montgomery essentially surrounded on all sides by water and accessible only by a retractable drawbridge from the land side. An interesting and innovative design feature in its own right, this drawbridge could be mechanically pivoted on a central balance point with one end raising to block the entrance and the other end dropping into a curved pit in the postern, or sally port, behind the doorway like a see-saw. Raising this bridge would effectively cut off the fort from any entrance by land as the bottom of the fort&#39;s doorway stood a full 15 ft above the water of the moat or "wet ditch" below. A similar entrance from the lake side, known as a "water gate", also utilized a drawbridge which accessed a dock extending from the fort into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Directly behind the fort itself, between it and the actual shoreline, a massive manmade island was constructed. Standing higher than the fort itself, this earthen berm was known as the "cover face" and protected the fort against an enemy on land being able to utilize heavy siege guns to reduce the walls. It was connected to the land by a narrow stone causeway and to the fort itself by a bridge. Also during the forts later construction, Chief Engineer of the USA Army Joseph Totten invented an iron reinforced embrasure for cannon which would better protect the gunners inside a fort, an upgrade which was retrofitted into Fort Montgomerys design on its unfinished upper gun tier, while the lower, already completed level sported the older style brick embrasures.</p><br>
<p>Totten was no stranger to the area and had served as a Major under Generals Izard and Macomb at the 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh where he had been in charge of laying out the American defensive fortifications and had later been brevetted to Lieutenant-Colonel for gallantry under fire.</p><br>
<p>Initially designed to be manned by a force of 800 men, the fort was never fully garrisoned and mainly took on a role as a military deterrent along the border. Many of the Third System forts by design were never permanently garrisoned, ultimately intended to be waiting and ready for action only if needed. Contrary to local lore, however, although the fort never fired a shot in anger, this does not mean the fort was never armed. According to War Department records, in 1886 when Fort Montgomery was most heavily armed, it mounted 74 guns of its full 125 gun capacity, including 8 in and 10 in Rodman cannon. Most of these guns were mounted training northward towards Canada. Although never placed in position, two massive 15 in Rodmans were present at the site for years sitting on the parade ground waiting to be mounted atop the wall.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, Commanding General of the Army William Tecumseh Sherman toured the fortification and was so impressed with the magnitude of the site, he returned to Washington and intended to have the military garrison at nearby Plattsburgh Barracks stationed instead at the fort. Due to the outcry of many prominent local citizens, however, the troop movement never took place.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the Civil War, with the introduction of much more modern and powerful armaments such as explosive shells and rapid-firing rifled cannon, the military importance of masonry fortifications such as Fort Montgomery was rapidly drawing to a close. Technology now existed which could allow an enemy force to quickly and easily reduce their massive casemates and walls to piles of rubble. The last decade of the 19th century slowly saw the removal of the old fort&#39;s guns, now long obsolete. By 1900, 37 guns were still present and by 1901, that number had decreased to 20. Purportedly the last of the larger guns were removed and taken down the lake by barge around 1909. After being loaded onto railroad cars at Plattsburgh, many of the iron cannon met their end being melted down for their scrap value in Philadelphia. Following this period the now empty fort was watched over by a caretaker, usually a retired soldier who lived in a nearby house and patrolled the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Disposal</h2><br>
<p>In 1926 the United States Government sold Fort Montgomery along with its adjacent Military Reservation at public auction. During the period of disuse which followed, as had also happened with the abandoned 1816 fortification, many locals visited the fort, carting off untold amounts of lumber, bricks, windows, and doors for use in their homes and other buildings. Ultimately most of the fort, aside from the gutted westward facing officer&#39;s quarters, a small portion of the southern wall and three bastions (two of which remain today), was demolished in 1936–1937. Its massive stones were crushed and dumped into the lake for fill to construct a nearby bridge between Rouses Point, New York and Alburg, Vermont. The property had a number of private owners before it was sold in 1983 to Victor Podd, Sr. who constructed the headquarters of the Powertex Corporation on the adjacent "Commons" to the west of the fort. Island Point, the actual fort site, was left untouched.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-1980s Podd worked with local historical societies to have the State of New York purchase the property with a view toward possible restoration of the site. Despite being offered the fort at no cost, negotiations were unsuccessful and the State declined to accept the property. Since May 2006, Podds&#39; heirs have attempted to sell the fort on eBay. The first auction ended on June 5, 2006, with a winning bid of $5,000,310. However, the sale was not completed, and the fort and lands surrounding it remain for sale.</p><br>
<p>There are current concerns among local preservationists that what remains of the fort today is in danger of a catastrophic structural collapse. This is in part due to the removal of iron reinforcing rods, emplaced around 1886, which were likely cut out for their scrap value during the wartime scrap metal drives of World War II. These rods were originally devised to brace up and support the massive weight of the forts detached outer wall face, a defensive element of the forts construction which later proved over time to be a structural flaw. Previously a third remaining bastion on the northern side of the fort suffered a similar collapse and was completely destroyed in 1980, mostly falling into the moat.</p><br>
<p>In September 2008, the Preservation League of New York State listed Fort Montgomery as one of their "Seven to Save" properties. This listing effectively recognized the historical significance of the Fort Montgomery ruins. It also identified the ruins as being in dire need of stabilization and preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin B. Hough House is a historic house at 7629 Collins Street in Lowville, New York. Built 1860–61, it was the home of the "father of American forestry," Franklin Hough , a medical doctor, scientist, historian who served as the first chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the predecessor of the United States Forest Service. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Franklin B. Hough House is located in a residential area on the west side of Lowville, on the west side of Collins Street, on a parcel marked by a commemorative plaque. It is set well back from the street, and is approached by a semi-circular drive. It is stories in height, built out of brick and covered by a truncated hip roof. At the center of the main roof is a rectangular belvedere, also capped by a hip roof with dentillated cornice. The main facade is five bays wide with a projecting central bay that rises to a gabled peak above the main roof line. Most windows are set in openings topped by heavy segmented-arch hood mouldings.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1861, and was from 1863 to 1865 home to Franklin Hough. Hough was one of the first people in the nation to articulate significant concern for the state of its forests, observing that forestry products had declined in New York in the 1850s and 1860s. In 1876, he was appointed the first federal government official responsible for overseeing the nation&#39;s forests. The organization he established eventually became the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>Hough&#39;s house remained in the family until 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Irving Langmuir House is a historic house at 1176 Stratford Road in Schenectady, New York. Built about 1900, it was the home of physicist-chemist Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry during his research career with General Electric. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Irving Langmuir House is located in the middle of a suburban area east of Union College known as the General Electric Realty Plot, a historic district to which it is a contributing property. The neighborhood is residential, with large houses dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is located on the east side of Stratford Road, a short way north of Rugby Road. Architecturally, the house is unremarkable. It is a two-and-a-half-story building in a vernacular interpretation of the Colonial Revival style. The hipped roof is tiled in terra cotta and pierced by two almost symmetrical dormer windows. A columned porch covers the Palladian-style main entrance. The interior follows a basic central-hall plan.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built ca. 1900. In 1919 Langmuir moved in, living there until his death in 1957. It was still in his familys hands at the time of its landmark designation almost two decades later. Langmuir worked at GEs Schenectady research laboratory in 1909, where he performed basic research in a wide array of areas of physics and chemistry. He retired in 1950, having won numerous awards, most prominently the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in surface chemistry.</p><br>
<p>The Jackie Robinson House is a historic house at 5224 Tilden Avenue in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Built c. 1912-1916, it is prominent as the home of baseball great Jackie Robinson from 1947, when he was awarded Rookie of the Year, through 1949, when he was voted Most Valuable Player. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Jackie Robinson House is located in Brooklyn&#39;s East Flatbush neighborhood, at the southwest corner of Tilden Avenue and East 53nd Street. It is a modest two-story brick duplex, with the units set side-by-side. Each is two bays wide, with the entrance set in the right-hand bay. 5224 is the left (east) unit, which has a band of three sash windows in the left bay, topped by a porch with a wooden railing and metal awning supported by decorative metal supports.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built sometime between 1912 and 1916. From 1947 to 1949 it was home to baseball player Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play in the major leagues. Robinson had been signed to a contract in 1945 by Branch Rickey, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, and he was called up to the major league team after spending 1946 with minor league Montreal Royals. When he was called up, he and his wife Rachel had difficulty finding housing in Brooklyn due to racism; this was secured as a rental by a friend.</p><br>
<p>Another house, at 112-40 177th Street in the Addisleigh Park neighborhood of Queens, was the Robinsons&#39; home from 1949 to 1955. "Locals had recently canceled a restrictive covenant that forbade blacks from living in the area, so African-American stars such as jazz great Count Basie and Herbert Mills of the Mills Brothers quartet moved in."</p><br>
<p>Susan B. Anthony House, in Rochester, New York, was the home of Susan B. Anthony for forty years, while she was a national figure in the women&#39;s rights movement.</p><br>
<p>She was arrested in the front parlor after voting in the 1872 Presidential Election. She resided here until her death.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased for use as a memorial in 1945, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It has been documented in the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<p>The Susan B. Anthony House is located at 17 Madison Street in Rochester. Access to the house is through the Susan B. Anthony Museum entrance at 19 Madison Street.</p><br>
<p>Today the is a learning center and museum open to the public for tours and programs from 11-5 Tuesday through Sunday, except major holidays. Its full name is the National Susan B. Anthony Museum & House. The Visitor Center and Museum Shop are located in the historic house next door, 19 Madison Street, which was owned by Hannah Anthony Mosher, sister of Susan and Mary Anthony. The mission of the Susan B. Anthony House is to keep Susan B. Anthony&#39;s vision alive and relevant.</p><br>
<p>The house hosts an annual celebration of Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote. In 2011, the New York Times reported that the museum at the house had sold a large quantity of "a $250 handbag made of fake alligator that was inspired by one of Anthony’s own club bags, similar to a doctor’s bag," noting that for Anthony, "a bag was not a fashion statement but a symbol of independence at a time when women were not allowed to enter into a contract or even open a bank account."</p><br>
<p>Papers and memorabilia about the suffrage movement were donated to the house at the request of Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan B. Anthony&#39;s successor as President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They are held by the River Campus Libraries of the University of Rochester.</p><br>
<p>The Houses president wrote to "decline" President Donald Trumps August 2020 pardon to Anthony, on the principle that to accept a pardon would wrongly "validate" the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the $100 fine would have.</p><br>
<p>A fire early on the morning of September 26, 2021 damaged the back porch and a doorway and caused smoke damage inside. Surveillance video showed someone acting suspiciously at the time of the fire.</p><br>
<p>William Floyd House, also known as Nicoll Floyd House and Old Mastic House, was a home of Founding Father William Floyd, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Mastic Beach, New York. It was his home from 1734 until 1803. This home is distinct from Gen. William Floyd House, his later home in Westernville, New York, that is also on the National Register and which was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The two William Floyd houses are believed to be the only surviving homes in New York of signers of the Declaration of Independence. The Mastic home is "reputed to be the best preserved and oldest manor house" in its part of Long Island.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 0.29 mi south of Washington Avenue and Wavecrest Drive in Mastic Beach. The home was built by Nicoll Floyd, who was William Floyds father, and was given to Williams son, also named Nicoll Floyd. The house was visited by Marquis de Lafayette and others.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the National Park Service as part of Fire Island National Seashore, although it&#39;s not on Fire Island itself.</p><br>
<p>The Gerrit Smith Estate is a historic residential estate at Oxbow Road and Peterboro Road in Peterboro, New York. It was home to Gerrit Smith , a 19th-century social reformer, abolitionist, and presidential candidate, and his wife, Ann Carroll Fitzhugh. Smith established an early temperance hotel on his estate, and it was a widely known stop for escaped slaves on the Underground Railroad. The surviving elements of the estate were declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001. The estate is now managed by a nonprofit organization, and is open for tours from June to August.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gerrit Smith Estate is located on the west side of the hamlet of Peterboro, on about 8 acre of land (a remnant of what was once a 30 acre estate) bounded by Peterboro Road, Oxbow Road, and Oneida Brook. The estate was, in its heyday, a virtual village unto itself, with as many as 30 buildings, including the mansion house, secondary residences, and a hotel. The property is today much reduced: its Federal period mansion was destroyed by fire in the 1930s, the hotel had a short-lived existence (1827-1859) before it was torn down on Gerrit Smith&#39;s orders, and numerous other outbuildings have also been demolished or lost to decay.</p><br>
<p>The building was described as follows in 1875:</p><br>
<p>The principal surviving buildings of historical significance that remain are the Peterboro Land Office with an attached smokehouse, designated on the National Register of Historic Places on its own, a 19th-century barn, and an adjacent building that was probably the laundry.</p><br>
<p>The estate was established by Peter Smith, one of Madison Countys early white settlers, in the early 19th century. Smith acquired a large tract of land from the Oneida people, with whom he had previously engaged in the fur trade. From this estate, he managed vast holdings of real estate (over 700,000 acre all over the state), and lent his name to both the hamlet of Peterboro and the encompassing township of Smithfield. Smiths son Gerrit took over this business in 1819, and eventually applied the family wealth to a wide variety of progressive causes. Principal among these were the abolition of slavery and the temperance movement. Smith attempted unsuccessfully to make Peterboro a dry community, opening what is believed to be the first temperance hotel in the nation on the estate. The hotel was ultimately a failure, and Smith razed it in the late 1850s. The estate was also widely known as a safe haven for escaped slaves making the trek to Canada on the Underground Railroad, and was a meeting place for suffragist organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Arch in the Town of Marshall, also known as Marshall Arch, is an arch spanning State Road 236 in downtown Marshall, Indiana, United States. The wooden arch has a span of 51 ft; it is supported by concrete piers and has a clearance of 17 ft at its highest point. Lettering on each side of the arch spells the towns name. The first work by Indiana architect Carroll O. Beeson, the arch was constructed in 1921. The towns business leaders commissioned the arch as a landmark for the town which was intended to improve the appearance of its business district. The arch was formally dedicated on September 30, 1921; the dedication honored the town&#39;s World War I veterans, although the arch was not intended to be a memorial. The structure remains in good condition and has become a popular attraction for visitors to the area.</p><br>
<p>In addition, The arch was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 26, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Barbour County Courthouse in Philippi, Barbour County, West Virginia, USA is a monumental public building constructed between 1903 and 1905 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It dominates the town center and is the county&#39;s chief symbol of government. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The original Barbour County Courthouse was a large brick building with a white painted wood-frame Greek Revival portico. It was built between 1844 and &#39;46. From its octagonal cupola, in 1861, floated the first Confederate flag in what would become the state of West Virginia. Later, the building was used to house Union troops during the American Civil War. The dilapidated cupola was removed in 1893 and placed on the nearby barn owned by lawyer C.F. Teter.</p><br>
<h3>Present courthouse</h3><br>
<p>J. Charles Fulton of Uniontown, Pennsylvania was contracted in 1901 and designed the present courthouse building in the Richardsonian Romanesque (Romanesque Revival) style. It was constructed by contractor J.P. Conn during 1903–1905.</p><br>
<p>The 1905 structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. A restoration effort began in 1995 and included repair and replacement of the original stained glass interior dome. This project was named "Best Interior Rehabilitation Project" in 1999 by the Main Street Project of the West Virginia Development Office.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Barbour County Courthouse is situated in Court Square, facing Main Street, in Philippi. Its plan is a modified rectangle of solid masonry about 95 feet across the front elevation and 60 feet across the sides.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is constructed of Hummelstown brownstone, a high-quality, medium-grain, dense sandstone quarried near Hummelstown in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. At the time, the stone would have traveled to West Virginia via the Brownstone to Middletown Railroad and the Middletown and Hummelstown Railroad. This stone is dark brown with reddish to purplish hues. The entirety of the exterior ashlar stonework is rusticated with the exception of the smooth voussoirs defining the arcuated portal and window openings and the stringcourses and window sills. The overall impression created is one of mass and dignity.</p><br>
<p>The 2 ½ story structure rests on a raised basement and is dominated by a colossal offset tower to the left of the massive main entrance portal and by smaller, secondary prominences such as steeply pitched wall dormers and an octagonal turret on the corner to the right of the main portal. This massive portal is flanked on its left by a large smooth shaft column with Byzantine capital; the place of its mate on the opposite side is occupied by the heavy main tower. The spandrels of the portal arch are decorated with a delicate, foliate relief pattern.</p><br>
<p>The massive, square tower, which looms asymmetrically to the left of the main portal, encompasses four stories, each delineated by smooth stone stringcourses. Its open belfry, with double, arched openings on each of the four sides, is crowned by a pyramidal roof whose four chamfered corners each terminate at the cornice level in a small spire. A stringcourse just below the cornice carries (just above the chamfered corners of the belfry superstructure) four gargoyle-like, projecting blocks of stone, which may be sculptor&#39;s blocks left unfinished.</p><br>
<p>The arched, tripartite window immediately above the main portal is echoed by similar window treatments in the wall dormers and another just to its left. The main window above the portal and the one in the front elevation dormer are adorned with smooth shaft colonnettes. These arched windows, as well as the building&#39;s other, flat-headed window openings (also arranged in threes) are embellished with stained-glass transoms and smooth transom bars.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetic merit</h2><br>
<p>An authority on the Hummelstown Brownstone Company, which supplied the stone of which the courthouse is constructed, has said:</p><br>
<p>As impressive as many of the buildings trimmed in brownstone are, nothing can match the magnificence of those structures built primarily of brownstone. Perhaps the most impressive extant public building built entirely of Hummelstown brownstone is the Barbour County Courthouse in Philippi, West Virginia... Erected in 1903, it remains a testament to the finest expectations that the public at large at the turn of the century wanted to see in their municipal architecture. Crowned with a tile roof, the alternating narrow and wide bands of rock face masonry contrast with the smooth finish of the arch and its Rococo embellishment.</p><br>
<p>Harriet Tubman National Historical Park is a US historical park in Auburn and Fleming, New York. Associated with the life of Harriet Tubman, it has three properties: the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged, in Auburn; the nearby Harriet Tubman Residence, just across the city/town line in Fleming; and the Thompson A.M.E. Zion Church and parsonage in Auburn. They are located at 180 and 182 South Street and 47–49 Parker Street, respectively. The A.M.E. Zion Church unit is administered by the National Park Service , and the South Street properties, including a historic barn and a visitor center, are jointly managed and operated by both the NPS and the Harriet Tubman Home, Inc. The church also works with the NPS in park operations. The Harriet Tubman Grave, in nearby Fort Hill Cemetery, is not part of the park.</p><br>
<p>The group of properties also makes up a National Historic Landmark, with the first parcel being declared in 1974 and two others added in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Tubman was a major conductor on the Underground Railroad and was known as the "Moses of her people." She moved to Auburn with her parents after she had spent eight to ten years in St. Catharines, Ontario. She continued working as a suffragist and worked all her life to care for others who were unable to care for themselves.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged is the house in which she fulfilled her dream of opening a home for poor and elderly African-Americans. In 1911, she was admitted there herself, and she remained there until her death in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Tubman Residence was Tubman&#39;s home during much of the time that she lived in Auburn, from 1859 to 1913. The land was sold to her in 1859 by the politician William H. Seward.</p><br>
<p>Thompson A.M.E. Zion Church is the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in which Harriet Tubman attended services. Later in her life, she deeded the Home for the Aged to the church for it to manage after her death.</p><br>
<h2>History of home</h2><br>
<p>Harriet Tubman moved with her parents from St.Catharines, Ontario to Auburn, New York, in 1857. They relocated to a brick home on the outskirts of Auburn located at 180 South Street that she had purchased from an acquaintance William H. Seward, which was an illegal transaction. Seward&#39;s deal along with being illegal was fairly priced with flexible terms, which probably stemmed from their friendship from the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Tubman purchased a 25-acre parcel from a property next door, 182 South Street, for $1,450 (~$ in ). The land would later become the Home for the Aged.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, she was forced to give it up because she could not afford to pay for it anymore. She donated it to the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion Church) the same year with an agreement that it would continue to run the Home for the Aged. She was an active member of the AME Zion Church and supported the construction of the Thompson AME Church building as well.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, after working for five years to equip the staff the house become the Harriet Tubman Home for the Elderly in which Harriet Tubman also lived. In 1911, her health would not allow that anymore, and she later became a patient herself until 1913, when she died. The Home for the Elderly continued to function for a couple of more years but then closed. The house became vacant in 1928 and was demolished in 1944 after it had been vacant for nearly 16 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the house was rebuilt and restored in memory of Tubman&#39;s life and accomplishments. All of that was organized by the AME Zion Church to which Tubman had given the property to over 50 years earlier. Since 1953, two more buildings have been added to the property from the transitions of it becoming a historic site, national park, and public attraction.</p><br>
<p>The site received a prestigious Save America&#39;s Treasures grant in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, multiple sites related to Harriet Tubman had been labeled part of the National Historic Park:</p><br>
<p>Home for the Aged 180 South Street Auburn, NY 13021</p><br>
<p>Residence 182 South Street Auburn, NY 13021</p><br>
<p>AME Zion Church 33 Parker Street Auburn, NY 13021</p><br>
<h2>National Historical Parks</h2><br>
<p>The park in Auburn was established on January 10, 2017 at a signing ceremony at the US Department of the Interior in Washington, DC. US Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell was joined by New York lawmakers and local and federal officials in creating the 51st National Historical Park and the 414th US national park system unit. The park will focus on the later years of Tubman&#39;s life.</p><br>
<p>The park joins another NPS area in Maryland in interpreting the life of Tubman. Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park includes her birthplace, as well as Underground Railroad routes in three counties of Maryland&#39;s Eastern Shore. The sister park in Maryland was established first, on December 19, 2014, and incorporates much of the previously-authorized Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument, which had been designated in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Tubman moved to Auburn, New York, after she had spent eight to 10 years in St. Catharines, Ontario, from which she also moved her parents. Tubman&#39;s life is commemorated in the Ontario city at Salem Chapel National Historic Site, the church that she frequented, and it is still home to an active congregation. Federal plaques there include one that says she was designated as a National Historic Person.</p><br>
<p>Boulevards in Omaha are part of a park and boulevard system originally designed in 1889 by Horace Cleveland. There are more than 100 mi of boulevards throughout the city of Omaha, Nebraska today.</p><br>
<p>The park-and-boulevard system is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1889 Horace W.S. Cleveland proposed that the city of Omaha develop a series of "broad ornamental avenues, known as boulevards or parkways" designed "with a tasteful arrangement of trees and shrubbery at the sides and in the center", similar to the comprehensive plans of European cities in the mid-19th century. His plan was accepted by the citys Parks Commission, resulting in the construction of Florence Boulevard, then called "Omahas Prettiest Mile Boulevard", in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Omahas early boulevard system was viewed as an extension of the parks system in the early park of the 20th century. Florence Boulevard was the first link; the second was Hanscom Boulevard, which was designed to connect the citys first two park, Hanscom Park, with its second, Riverview Park. Happy Hollow, Fontenelle and Turner Boulevards followed. The development of Lincoln Boulevard in Bemis Park was credited with the rapid growth of that subdivision in the early 20th century. A large segment of that boulevard was demolished during the construction of Interstate 480 in the early 1960s, and only a small segment remains.</p><br>
<p>The boulevard system originally weaved North Omaha, Midtown Omaha and South Omaha together, with sections traveling to Dundee, Gifford Park, Field Club and Benson. Plantings, tree-lined drives and smooth roadways throughout the city were treated with park-like value. A 1915 plan epitomized this ideal by calling for a riverfront boulevard that weaved the entire length of the Missouri River through Omaha. The northern section, called J.J. Pershing Drive, was finished by 1920; Gifford Drive in South Omaha was designed to do the same. However, influential Omaha architect John Latenser was adamant about preventing this project from coming to fruition in Downtown Omaha, where he saw the boulevard potentially impeding on his plans for the Port of Omaha. Because of his resistance this early "back to the river" plan did not succeed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the city pushed to reconstruct its boulevard system, and received forty percent of the revenue from its wheel tax to do that. The Works Progress Administration assisted with construction, leading to the city adding more than 30 mi onto the existing system of 65 mi of roadway. In 1934 the WPA completed work on the Saddle Creek Underpass, which took what was then the westernmost addition to the system under Dodge Street. Today Saddle Creek Boulevard is called Saddle Creek Road.</p><br>
<p>The late 1940s construction of the Deer Park Boulevard leading to the new Johnny Rosenblatt stadium on that street is credited with giving John Rosenblatt the political ability to become the mayor of Omaha. Abbott Drive was built by Eppley Airfield during this period, too, becoming the easternmost link in Omaha&#39;s boulevard system.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The Sorensen Parkway is a modern version of the historic boulevard system that was built in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>In the early first decade of the 21st century a plan was adopted by the city of Omaha to introduce more boulevards throughout the suburbs of Omaha. The Revised Suburban Parks Master Plan identifies two types of boulevard as the "Grand Boulevard", which is designed as Cleveland originally conceptualized it, and the "Parkway" style. The Grand Boulevard is characterized by wide lanes, planting medians in between roadways, and limited access through narrow driveways and side streets. The Parkway features a faster speed limit, broad, tree-lined roadways and limited residential access. Both have large trees with broad canopies. Lighting, roundabouts, signage and concrete types are all also considerations. The boulevard system is also included in the city of Omaha&#39;s Green Streets Master Plan.</p><br>
<p>The James Bruce Round Barn is a round barn located near the Stephenson County, Illinois city of Freeport, United States. The barn was constructed in 1914 by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers, who were responsible for at least a dozen round barns in the area. The barn features a single hip roof design which was probably influenced by the Agricultural Experiment Stations at the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The Bruce Round Barn was the last known round barn designed by the Shaffer&ndash;Haas team. The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The James Bruce Round Barn is one of 31 round barns found in a four county area that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County in Illinois, and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin. Twenty one of those barns are within Stephenson County. The Bruce Round Barn was constructed in 1914 for James Bruce by Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The barn was designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers, Shaffer&#39;s five brothers-in-law. The Shaffer&ndash;Haas team built 12 of 13 round barns in the Stephenson&ndash;Winnebago County area that have had their carpentry positively attributed.</p><br>
<p>The diameter of the James Bruce Round Barn is 58 feet 8 inches (about 17.7 m). Its exterior is clad in wooden siding, known as "drop siding," and it stands on a poured concrete foundation. The single hip roof is supported by a series of braces and topped with a cupola. The stave silo has a diameter of 12 feet (3.7 m) and is accessed on the barns northeast side via a banked entrance. Animals entered the barn at grade level on the south side of the building. Above the south and northeast entrances are overshoots which extend from the wall diagonally and were meant to compensate for the buildings lack of overall storm protection. and a wooden central silo.</p><br>
<p>The single hip roof design represents the evolution of round barn construction in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Furthermore, the inclusion of a central wooden silo on the Bruce Barn may represent the cumulative influence from Agricultural Experiment Stations at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.</p><br>
<p>In the days before mechanization, round barns were seen as being useful because of their labor-saving features: the livestock could be fed in one pass around the barn, using the hay stored in the loft above the stock and the grain in the central silo. Cleaning out the manure likewise could be done in one circuit, with fewer wasted steps. The coming of machinery, especially with the Rural Electrification program, obviated labor-saving designs that were more complicated to build, and round barns faded into history.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Bruce Round Barn is the last known round barn constructed by the team of Shaffer and the Haas Brothers. The University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station heavily influenced the roof style.</p><br>
<p>The James Bruce Round Barn was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984. Each property submitted under the auspices of a multiple property submission is listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually.</p><br>
<p>The Dutchess Quarry Cave Site is located along NY 17A in the Town of Goshen in Orange County, New York. It is midway between the village of Goshen and Florida, at the junction of Quarry Road , built into the side of a 580-foot  hill known as Mount Lookout.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, archaeologists digging at the site found caves with artifacts left by hunter-gatherers 12,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age. A Paleo-Indian fluted point, a very rare stone tool, was among them. At the time of its discovery it was the oldest such site east of the Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The site has been at the center of a battle between local archaeologists and the Pleasant Valley-based Dutchess Quarry and Supply Company, which actively produces dolomite gravel on the site. The companys operations have expanded in recent years to meet growing demand in the region, moving its activities closer to the cave site than they were when first discovered. It monitors the caves closely when it needs to do blasting, and the county has established a preserve on the most important 20 acres (4 ha) of the 177-acre (71 ha) site. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, with the sites boundaries expanded in 1997.</p><br>
<p>But the researchers fear that a hitherto undisturbed area known as the Alpine Meadow, which may contain even more artifacts but also has road-grade dolomite, may be mined. They would like to see the county acquire at least a conservation easement on the cave site, and include it in its Open Space Plan. The company, which has been mining gravel on the property since 1938, says it is open to any solutions that do not adversely impact its extraction operations.</p><br>
<p>The only person authorized to conduct tours of the site left the area in 2004, and it is not otherwise open to the public due to the quarrying operations.</p><br>
<p>Rogers Hall, also known as Courtview, is a three-story antebellum house at 500 Court Street in Florence, Alabama. It was built by enslaved people from 1854 to 1855. It is one of the oldest historic landmarks on the University of North Alabama campus and one of the university&#39;s most distinctive structures. The building was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey from 1934–35. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival-style mansion was constructed for George Washington Foster, a prominent local with plantations in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. He had the grounds professionally landscaped by the Hastings firm out of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>Foster died in 1878, with the property going to his daughter, Sarah Independence Foster, and her husband, Stirling Payne MacDonald. MacDonald was a former captain in the Confederate Army. According to the diary of Sarah Foster MacDonald, the grounds were occupied by camps of Confederate and Union soldiers during the American Civil War. Union Army officers, under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman, stayed in house on November 3, 1863. Confederate generals P. G. T. Beauregard, Nathan Bedford Forrest and Stephen D. Lee visited the home in 1864. General Forrest, his wife, and son stayed with the Foster family for several days.</p><br>
<p>Courtview was occupied by members of the Foster family until 1900, when it was sold to Emmet ONeal, a Wesleyan University alumnus who served as the 34th Governor of Alabama from 1911 to 1915. After 1915, ONeal lived in Birmingham and rented out the building as a boarding house. It was acquired by Thomas M. Rogers in 1922 and underwent significant restoration and remodeling. The Rogers family sold the house in 1948 to Florence State Teachers College, now known as the University of North Alabama.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the former residence was used as a guest house and for social events. The parlors on the first floor were used frequently for student meetings. The dining room and adjoining rooms were used by faculty and members of the Florence community. During the early 1980s, alumni, faculty and staff initiated "Project Courtview", a fund drive to restore Rogers Hall. Over 700 people volunteered their services.</p><br>
<p>The George T. Wisner House, also known as Oak Hill, is a historic home located on South Street in Goshen, New York, United States. It was built about 1735 and was subsumed by upgrade in 1844 and 1906. this was the residence of Gabriel Wisner killed at the Battle of Minisink JULY 22,1779.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>From 1863 to 1929, the Hummelstown Brownstone Company owned and operated quarries in the Hummelstown, Pennsylvania area which produced Hummelstown brownstone, once widely used as a building stone throughout the US. The quarries of the Hummelstown Brownstone Company are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and operations</h2><br>
<p>Hummelstown brownstone pits were first opened by early German settlers in the late 18th Century. The Berst family were the original owners the present-day quarry site and in 1863 allowed two entrepreneurs to quarry stone from the land. By 1867, this venture had expanded to a four-man team which applied for a company charter, thus forming the Pennsylvania Brown Free Stone Company. Allen Walton, one of the original shareholders of the company, was appointed superintendent of the quarry in 1868, and after the turbulent economic years following the Civil War purchased the company outright in 1875. It continued with its chartered name until it was rechartered as the Hummelstown Brownstone Company in 1891.</p><br>
<p>At the height of its production, the company employed about 600 men in quarrying and finishing the stone. A standard gauge railroad, chartered as the Brownstone-Middletown Railroad Company, was connected to the quarry site between 1884 and 1885 linking it to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. Most of the skilled workers were Italian, German, and Scotch-Irish immigrants. However, because the nature of the stone made it impossible for the stone to be quarried in the cold of winter, only the skilled workers were kept on during the winter months.</p><br>
<p>Although not as large as the vast brownstone quarries at Portland, Connecticut, the Hummelstown operation was their equal in every respect and a viable competitor of most other brownstone quarries including those at Medina and Moscow, New York. To bolster sales, The Walton family commissioned an advertising booklet by J. Horace McFarland around 1910 which listed almost 400 structures built of their stone.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1920s, due to improved methods of building and changes in building color preference, demand for brownstone declined. In 1927, the operations of the quarry ceased. Two years later, with the onset of the Great Depression, the Hummelstown Brownstone Company was officially dissolved. During its 36 year history the quarry produced approximately 4.3 million cubic yards of stone.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Hall Mansion is a historic structure located in the area to which it gave its name, Perry Hall, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Erected on a hill above the Gunpowder River Valley, the mansion is an excellent example of late colonial and early 19th-century life in eastern Baltimore County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began under Corbin Lee, who died in 1773. It was completed under Harry Dorsey Gough, a wealthy Baltimore merchant, in 1776. Gough named the estate Perry Hall, after his familys ancestral home of the same name within what is now Perry Hall Park, in Perry Barr, England, a northern suburb of Birmingham. From the 16-room mansion, Gough administered his vast plantation operation, where dozens of slaves tended cattle, various food crops, and stands of tobacco. The Perry Hall estate was so influential that maps from the period typically identify modern-day Bel Air Road (USA Route 1) as "Perry Hall Road" or "Goughs Road."</p><br>
<p>Gough died on May 8, 1808. Due to his statewide prominence, more than 2,000 people attended his funeral, which was held at the Perry Hall estate. The mansion was generally viewed as being at its zenith during the early Nineteenth Century. Visitors commented on the distinctive architectural features of the home as well as the lush gardens on the surrounding grounds. When one looks at the mansion as it existed in Goughs time, it is clear that the house included features that mirrored the diverse facets of Harry Dorsey Goughs life. The impressive wine cellars and expansive grand hall used for entertaining symbolized Goughs socially prominent life before his conversion to Methodism. After his conversion, Gough built a chapel near the mansions eastern wing that allowed him to quietly pursue his religious worship, along with his family, servants, and other neighboring landowners.</p><br>
<p>Perry Hall remained under the ownership of Gough&#39;s descendants until 1852 when it was sold to investors who subdivided much of the property among immigrant families who built dozens of farms. The mansion remained in private ownership for over two centuries, and by 2001, the vast estate had been whittled down to approximately four acres. That year, the mansion was sold to Baltimore County for future use as a museum and community center. The home in its original form appears in three large paintings made about 1803 by Francis Guy.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Friends of the Perry Hall Mansion</h2><br>
<p>Since its acquisition by the Department of Parks and Recreation for Baltimore County, the Perry Hall Mansion has received a comprehensive exterior renovation. In addition, a structure has been created to allow the public to be directly involved in shaping the future of this historically significant property.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of the Perry Hall Mansion is a freestanding organization, formed in September 2007, that aims to work to complete the renovations at the mansion, and care for the structure once the project is finished. The officers and directors will work to achieve the group&#39;s mission to educate the public about the Perry Hall Mansion and provide input to the Baltimore County government on its uses and operations.</p><br>
<p>The Friends&#39; agenda includes continued fund-raising for the interior renovation of the building, the initiation of an archaeological dig on the property, and the completion of a master plan to help guide the future use and continuous improvement of the mansion and grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Himmel&#39;s Church Covered Bridge crosses over Schwaben Creek on Middle Creek Road, east of Rebuck, Pennsylvania, in Washington Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1874, this covered bridge was rehabilitated in 1973. It is a King post, truss-style, wooden, covered bridge that is forty-four feet long.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979, and currently remains in use to automobile traffic.</p><br>
<h3>In popular culture</h3><br>
<p>The Bridge is located near the site of the Schwaben Creek werewolf, according to local folklore.</p><br>
<p>Johnson Hall State Historic Site was the home of Sir William Johnson  an Irish pioneer who became the influential British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Province of New York, known for his strong relationship especially with the Mohawk and other Iroquois League nations.</p><br>
<p>Johnson Hall is located at Hall Avenue, West State Street and Johnson Avenue, in Johnstown, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built seven miles from the Mohawk River, close to Hall Creek. Hall Creek provided water sufficient to power a sawmill and later a grist mill. Built of wood, the house frame was covered with wood planks intended to simulate stone. Johnson engaged leading colonial architect Peter Harrison (1716-1775) to design the house; he hired the carpenter, Samuel Fuller, to build it. At least some of the ideas for the house came from the Builders Companion magazine. Johnson also had two stone block houses built as defenses against attack on the frontier, as the British had just ended the Seven Years War with the French. The stonehouses were also used for storage and other domestic uses.</p><br>
<p>Johnson founded Johnstown, New York, and came to own a 400,000 acre estate. Johnson moved here from Old Fort Johnson in 1763 and lived here until he died in 1774. The house was inherited by his son, John Johnson. During the American Revolution, the rebel government in New York seized Johnson Hall because the Johnsons had gone to Canada as Loyalists. In 1779 the state sold the house to Silas Talbot, a migrant from New England.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a private residence by various owners until 1906, when the state bought it for preservation and interpretation as a house museum of the most important colonial landowner in the state. It received restoration in the early twentieth century and in the 1950s, to remove additions of the late nineteenth century and better reflect its original time. The historic site includes more than 18 acres of land.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Ralph Bunche High School was a school constructed in 1949 as a result of Civil Action 631 to provide "separate but equal" education for African-American students in King George County, Virginia. The school operated until 1968 when King George High School was completed and the county&#39;s schools integrated. The school was named for Ralph Bunche, an African-American educator, diplomat and Nobel Prize winner.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building continued to be used for various school uses until 1998, including at times as an elementary school, for several specialized programs, including secondary and pre-school, and for School Board administrative offices and some School Board meetings. Ralphe Bunche High School alumni formed a preservation committee in 1998 after plans to demolish the building were discussed. In August of that year, the King George County School Board approved a resolution to preserve the building allowing it to be registered as a historical site. In May 2007, the Ralph Bunche Alumni Association unveiled a commemorative plaque to be placed on the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2016, efforts were underway to turn the old school building into the Ralph Bunche Museum and Cultural Centre.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<h3>Notable alumni</h3><br>
<p>Al Bumbry, former Major League Baseball outfielder who played for the Baltimore Orioles and San Diego Padres</p><br>
<p>The Tippecanoe County Courthouse is located on the public square in the city of Lafayette in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. The public square is located between the north-south 3rd and 4th Streets and between the east-west Main and Columbia Streets.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is located in the Downtown Lafayette Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the county was first organized in 1826, rooms were rented in which to conduct county business, until 1829 when the first courthouse was built; it was a two-story brick building. It was replaced by a larger brick building in 1845 at a cost of about $3,000; there was a fire in this building in the 1840s, but it was extinguished before it could do any damage. The third and current courthouse was built on the site from 1881 to 1884 at a cost of about $500,000. It is built of Indiana limestone and is two-and-a-half stories tall on a raised basement. Architecturally, it is a pastiche of styles including Second Empire, Beaux Arts, Baroque, Rococo, Georgian and Neo-Classical. Paul Goeldner in his study of Midwestern courthouses called the building the "epitome of county capitals".</p><br>
<p>When Samuel Clemens visited Lafayette he was asked his opinion about the Tippecanoe County Courthouse by a local newspaper reporter; Clemens replied: "Striking, striking indeed! It must have struck the taxpayers a mighty blow!" The comment was accurate as this was the most expensive courthouse built in the state until the Allen County Courthouse was built some twenty years later. The courthouse has one hundred columns, nine statues, an elongated dome with four clock faces and a 3,000 lb bell tuned to C-sharp. A 14-foot statue depicting liberty tops the courthouse dome at a height of 212 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Attempted bombing</h2><br>
<p>On August 2, 1998, perpetrator(s) crashed a pickup truck full of gasoline and explosives through the eastern entrance of the Tippecanoe County Courthouse. Local firefighters were able to put out the blazing truck—before any of the flammable materials in the truck were able to catch fire. On August 11, county authorities placed concrete barriers around the courthouse to help prevent a similar attack in the future.</p><br>
<p>A white male in his mid-40s was wanted for questioning because he was spotted near the scene around the time the truck crashed into the courthouse. Agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives found evidence at the scene and sent it for processing but no arrest was ever made for the attempted bombing of the county courthouse. In 2008, a $50,000 reward was offered for information leading to an arrest but no progress was made before the statute of limitations expired later that year. The case remains one of the few unsolved suspected instances of domestic terrorism in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Oldest House on Sunset Hill, also known as the Jethro Coffin House, was built in 1686 and is believed to be the oldest residence on Nantucket still on its original site. The island&#39;s English population at the time totaled several hundred, and the native Wampanoag outnumbered them by at least three to one.</p><br>
<p>Built as a wedding gift for Jethro Coffin (1663–1727) and Mary Gardner (1670–1767), the house represents the unity of two of the islands oldest families. Jethro was the grandson of one of the islands original proprietors, Tristram Coffin, and Mary was the daughter of John Gardner, one of the leaders of the so-called Half-Share Revolt, in which the island&#39;s tradesmen rallied against the wealthier full-share proprietors. Although the relationship between Gardner and Coffin was never amicable, the marriage of Mary and Jethro helped unite the families and soothe old wounds. Built on Gardner land using Coffin lumber, the house is a physical manifestation of this unity.</p><br>
<p>By the late nineteenth century, the house was abandoned and had fallen into disrepair, but a Coffin family reunion held on the island in 1881 ignited renewed interest in the property. The Nantucket Historical Association acquired the house in 1923, and four years later, the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA, now Historic New England), commenced an extensive reconstruction in an attempt to return the house to its historic appearance. The Oldest House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968. In 1987, it was struck by lightning, which caused extensive damage necessitating substantial repairs to and partial reconstruction of the roof and chimney.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house stands as a monument to the lives of the island&#39;s earliest English settlers and offers visitors a glimpse of daily life on Nantucket in the seventeenth century. It is now a historic house museum owned and operated by the Nantucket Historical Association. It is also a contributing element of the Nantucket Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>Kitchen garden</h2><br>
<p>Efforts have been made to restore the landscape surrounding the Oldest House to an appearance more appropriate to its historic setting. The kitchen garden, located behind the house, is a reconstruction of a circa-1700 herb and vegetable garden and is maintained without the use of modern fertilizers, herbicides, or pesticides. Plants are grown in a raised-bed system typical of the time and include common vegetable staples such as carrots, onions, cabbages, and parsnips, as well as approximately thirty varieties of herbs grown for culinary, medicinal, or household use.</p><br>
<h2>Detailed history</h2><br>
<p>Mary lived on Sunset Hill for about twenty years. Although the date of construction of the house is not known exactly, tradition says that it was built as a wedding present for the couple in 1686, when sixteen-year-old Mary married twenty-three-year-old Jethro Coffin.</p><br>
<p>Like the view from the house, the dwelling itself had a different appearance in the seventeenth century, although we can&#39;t be certain exactly what it was. It was an impressive house for its time, two stories in height on the south-facing front facade, with a long, sloping north roof sometimes called a “catslide,” which may be an original feature. Massive fireplaces were the dominant features of the rooms on each floor: the parlor on the west side, the hall, or great room, on the east, and the lean-to kitchen in the rear, under the low-hanging roof. Two chambers, or bedrooms, were on the second floor, with an attic above. Physical evidence indicates that the center-chimney dwelling originally featured twin front gables that allowed light into the second-floor rooms, and from that height on the hill the Coffins and their children could see for miles.</p><br>
<p>Mary and Jethro sold their Nantucket dwelling to Nathaniel Paddack in 1708 and moved to Mendon, Massachusetts, when Jethro inherited property there.</p><br>
<p>Although the Oldest House is closely associated with Mary and Jethro Coffin, four generations of the Paddack family lived there. Many of them were mariners, reflecting Nantucket&#39;s change from an agricultural to a maritime community in the eighteenth century. In 1839, George Paddack sold the house out of the family to a cooper named George Turner for $300, ending a hundred and thirty-one years of Paddack ownership.</p><br>
<p>By 1867, George and Mary Turner found another place to live, and the ancient nuptial dwelling of Jethro and Mary Coffin was used as a hay barn.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, two off-island members of the Coffin family purchased the Jethro Coffin house from the Turner family for $300. Repairs were made and the house was opened up in 1886 for its 200th anniversary, then settled down for a long sleep until 1897, when it was opened in the summers as a house museum. The house attracted a constant stream of curious visitors eager to peer into a relic of the early history of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Nantucket Historical Association purchased Jethro and Mary&#39;s dwelling from Tristram Coffin in 1923. Winthrop Coffin of Boston — another off-island descendant of the original Tristram — stepped up to fund restoration of the house and his architect of choice, Alfred F. Shurrocks, began the work in 1927. Although Shurrocks determined that the house had originally had twin front gables, a decision was made to restore the structure to its more familiar appearance and to replace eighteenth-century double-hung sash windows with diamond-paned casements, which they felt more suited a seventeenth-century dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The Jethro Coffin house was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior in 1968. On October 1, 1987, lightning struck the house, toppling the chimney, destroying half of the roof, and melting the electrical wiring, causing damage that required two years (and about a million dollars) to mend. The structure was so solidly built that since restoration it has continued to hold firm on Sunset Hill, where it tells the story of the early English settlement of Nantucket in the seventeenth century.</p><br>
<p>Oldest House Exterior Current Day.jpg</p><br>
<p>Oldest House Interior Fireplace.jpg</p><br>
<p>Oldest House Kitchen Garden.jpg</p><br>
<p>Oldest House Window.jpg</p><br>
<p>Stony Kill Farm Environmental Education Center is located on NY 9D in the Town of Fishkill, New York, United States. It is a 1,000+ acre  working farm owned by the state Department of Environmental Conservation  as an environmental education center. The nonprofit Stony Kill Foundation is responsible for its daily operations.</p><br>
<p>Today, Stony Kill is a working farm and is home to numerous livestock. It also offers educational programs and an "Open Barn" event.</p><br>
<p>The nonprofit Common Ground Farm rents property to grow flowers, vegetables, and herbs on the grounds. There is also a community garden, greenhouse, haying fields, pastures, and the Verplanck Memorial Perennial Garden. Additionally, the property offers hiking, fishing, and birding to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1683, settlers Gulian Verplanck and Francis Rombout bought the 85,000-acre (430 km) tract, including the farm, from the Wappinger people for goods worth approximately $1,250.</p><br>
<p>An 1836 subdivision of the property gave a thousand acres (4 km), including the current farm, to descendant James DeLancy Verplanck of nearby Beacon.</p><br>
<p>A century later, his descendants donated the farm to the state Education Department (SED) for use as a teaching farm. It was used for this purpose by SUNY Farmingdale until the late 1960s, when the college decided it no longer needed the property. In 1973, DEC took it over and converted it to its present use.</p><br>
<p>Stony Kill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. A classroom was added to the barn in the 1980s. Descendants of the Verplanck family donated funds to create the Verplanck Memorial Perennial Garden in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Following financial difficulties that nearly closed the farm, the Stony Kill Foundation took over daily operations in 2010. Stony Kill&#39;s Learning Center was reopened in 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Nantucket Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses the entire island of Nantucket, Massachusetts. The original December 13, 1966 listing on the National Register of Historic Places included only the historic downtown core and the village of Siasconset, but was expanded in 1975 to include the entire island, as well as the islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget. At over 30,000 acres, it is the largest conventional historic National Historic Landmark District by area in the contiguous United States.</p><br>
<p>Much of the district was originally designated as a local historic district in 1955, making it one of the earliest historic districts in the United States, along with the Charleston Historic District in Charleston, South Carolina, the Vieux Carre Historic District in New Orleans, and the Old and Historic Alexandria District in Alexandria, Virginia. Since 1955, the Nantucket Historic District Commission has been the governing authority charged with overseeing the island&#39;s preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nantucket is a uniquely preserved New England seaport, largely developed during the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the whaling industry dominated the towns economy. By 1774, Nantucket accounted for about sixty percent of the New England whaling fleet. In 1840, the towns population peaked at roughly 9,000. However, during the years that followed, several events occurred that resulted in a dramatic downturn in the islands fortunes. By this time, the nearby mainland port of New Bedford, Massachusetts had surpassed Nantucket as the leading whaling port in the nation. Also during this time, the formation of sand bars prevented the increasingly larger ships from entering Nantucket Harbor, forcing the industry to shift to nearby Edgartown on Marthas Vineyard. Another blow came in 1846, when a great fire destroyed much of the towns commercial center and wharves. By the end of the 19th century, when much of the country was experiencing dramatic growth, Nantuckets population had fallen to just 3,000. Thus, the existence of Nantuckets historic buildings is largely due to the island being forgotten for more than half a century, as its architecture survived through neglect. In 1894, the first preservation efforts on Nantucket occurred with a campaign to save the "Old Mill", a 1746 windmill built by Nathan Wilbur. In 1897, the mill was purchased at auction and donated to the Nantucket Historical Association. During this period, new construction began to reflect the islands historic character.</p><br>
<p>The oldest buildings within the historic district date from the late 17th century. Built mostly of wood, they are utilitarian in style with little ornamentation or detail. In the period that followed the American Revolution, with the rise in whaling wealth, more ornate buildings were constructed by sea captains and merchants in the Federal style. Among these is the Second Congressional Meetinghouse, built in 1809. The most outstanding buildings are situated on Main and Orange Streets, such as the Hadwen-Wright House at 94 Main Street. Immediately following the devastating fire of 1846, the entire commercial district was rebuilt with new two and three-story brick buildings. The rebuilt area is dominated by the predominant Greek Revival style of the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the 1990s that Nantuckets population surpassed its 1840 peak of 9,000. The islands economy is now mostly based on seasonal tourism, which has put increased pressure on its historic properties. In 2000, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Nantucket on its 2000 list of America&#39;s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places, noting that while "Nantucket has a long history of commitment to preservation, an upsurge in the destructive practices of "teardowns" and "gut rehabs," along with the inappropriate sizing and siting of new homes, are dramatically altering the heritage, cultural landscape, and quality of community life on the island."</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>A partial list of contributing properties within the Nantucket Historic District includes:</p><br>
<p>The Old Mill (1746)</p><br>
<p>Old Gaol (1806)</p><br>
<p>Quaker (Friends) Meeting House (1838)</p><br>
<p>Nantucket Atheneum (1847)</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Church (1901)</p><br>
<p>Newtown Battlefield State Park, formerly known as Newtown Battlefield Reservation, was the site of the Battle of Newtown fought in August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War. It was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by General John Sullivan that was ordered by the Continental Congress to end the threat of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the battle, the Iroquois were defeated decisively. A portion of the battlefield is today managed as a 372 acre state park. The entire battlefield  was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved more than 68 acres adjacent to the state park.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Newtown Battlefield is located along the eastern bank of the Chemung River, in western New York southeast of Elmira. Its main focus is Sullivan Hill, a 1,400 ft wooded hill that was fortified by the Iroquois in a bid to ambush Sullivans column. The main trail followed by Sullivans troops had to pass near the steep hillside, which was only 1,000 ft from the river. Sullivan&#39;s advance forces discovered the Iroquois works, and Sullivan set up his artillery on a rise to the south, from which it could command not just Sullivan Hill but also another hill to the east. After cannonading the Iroquois position, Sullivan sent troops up Baldwin Creek, which skirts the hill to the east. These forces eventually formed a battle line that drove the Iroquois from the position.</p><br>
<p>The state acquired 330 acre of land, covering most of Sullivan Hill, which it managed first as a state reservation, and then as a state park. A narrow column of white granite known as the Newton Battlefield Monument was erected on top of Sullivan Hill in 1912.</p><br>
<p>On January 19, 2010, New York State Governor David Paterson proposed closing the park to reduce the states growing budget deficit. However, the park was allowed to remain open after budget adjustments were made throughout the states park system.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Miller Cottage is a historic house at Whitfield and Vincent Avenues, on the grounds of the Chautauqua Institute in Chautauqua, New York. Built in 1875, it was the residence of Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua movement. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lewis Miller Cottage stands in the village of Chautauqua, at the northwest corner of Vincent and Whitfield Avenues. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a broad gabled roof showing Stick style woodwork and large supporting brackets. It has a symmetrical front facade, with sash windows flanking the center entrance on the ground floor, and paired sash windows on the second floor, flanking a center doorway that provides access to the second-story balcony. The first-floor porch and second-floor balcony both have gingerbread balustrades.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lewis Miller Cottage is considered one of the earliest prefabricated structures in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Mina Miller Edison, Millers daughter, spent summers at the cottage with her husband, inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Among the changes, several of the first floors rooms were made into one large room. Landscape architect Ellen Biddle Shipman developed extensive gardens around the cottage.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the Chautauqua Foundation acquired the cottage from Miller descendants Ted Arnn and Nancy Kim Arnn.</p><br>
<p>Locust Grove is a National Historic Landmark estate located on US 9 in the Town of Poughkeepsie, New York. The 200-acre park-like estate includes homes, a carriage house, ice house, trails, a flower garden, and vegetable garden, and it overlooks the Hudson River from a bluff. The property includes a home designed by architect Alexander Jackson Davis for Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph. An Italianate style mansion, it was completed in 1851.</p><br>
<p>The estate is open to the public, tours are offered, and the site is used for weddings and parties. It includes a museum, nature preserve, antique exhibits, and a gallery showing artworks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Livingston Jr. was Locust Grove&#39;s first resident owner and named the estate after the black locust trees growing on the property in 1771 when he purchased the property from his own father. After his death his heirs sold the property to a wealthy New York City couple, John and Isabella Montgomery. They moved farming operations to the lower-lying lands closer to the river and built a cottage.</p><br>
<p>Morse bought the land from them in 1847, three years after his breakthrough with the telegraph. He hired Davis in 1851 and began working with him to remodel and expand the cottage into an Italianate villa. He continued to improve the landscape around the house, which became his summer home, for the rest of his life.</p><br>
<p>After Morses death in 1872, his family spent less time in Poughkeepsie and eventually emptied the mansion and rented the estate. One of their tenants, William Young, moved to Locust Grove in 1895 and eventually bought the property from Morses heirs in 1901. He and his wife Martha realized its historic importance and restored the mansion and gardens. They added modern amenities like central heat, and hot and cold running water, as well as a new dining room and guest bedrooms in a large north wing (the last significant renovation to the building). Family heirlooms were the foundation of the Young Familys 20,000-piece collection of fine and decorative arts, today displayed in the mansions 40 rooms.</p><br>
<p>William and Martha Youngs daughter Annette and son Innis also worked to preserve and restore the house, which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Annette and Innis Young also restored their great-great grandfathers home, the Locust Lawn Estate and opened it to the public as a museum in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Annette Young died in 1975, establishing in her will a trust so that her house, property, and collections of paintings and decorative arts could be opened to the public. Five years later, they were. Today the estate offers guided tours, lectures and other special events. Five miles of trails, originally 19th-century carriage roads, have been built in the woods around the house. Admission to the grounds is free; there is a fee for guided tours of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Wisconsin Heights Battlefield is an area in Dane County, Wisconsin, where the penultimate battle of the 1832 Black Hawk War occurred. The conflict was fought between the Illinois and Michigan Territory militias and Sauk chief Black Hawk and his band of warriors, who were fleeing their homeland following the Fox Wars. The Wisconsin Heights Battlefield is the only intact battle site from the Indian Wars in the USA Midwest. Today, the battlefield is managed and preserved by the state of Wisconsin as part of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway. In 2002, it was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Knowledge of the history of native tribes before the middle of the 18th century in the area of Wisconsin Heights Battlefield is limited. Samuel de Champlain is said to have heard of native tribes living "many leagues beyond Lake Huron" during the 17th century. The group Champlain heard about was known as the "Fire Nation" or the "Mascoutens." The Mascoutens, along with the Kickapoo and Miami were probably settled in the area around the Fox River and claimed much of the land to the south, including the battlefield, as their hunting grounds. Eventually, the Mascoutens, Kickapoo and Miami migrated further south along the shore of Lake Michigan.Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.</p><br>
<p>, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 166–184. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The relocated Mascoutens were replaced by the influx of Sauk and Fox following the Fox Wars in the western Great Lakes and Detroit regions. After the conflicts, the remaining Sauk and Fox sought refuge together in lands further west, extending north from the Wisconsin River to the Illinois River in the south. Other settlements were established north of the Missouri River.</p><br>
<p>The area known as the Wisconsin Heights Battlefield was the site of the penultimate engagement of the 1832 Black Hawk War, fought between the United States state militia and allies, and the Sauk and Fox tribes, led by Black Hawk. The battle took place in what is now Dane County, near the present-day Sauk County–Dane County line. Despite being outnumbered and sustaining heavy casualties, Black Hawk&#39;s warriors managed to delay the combined forces long enough to allow the majority of the Sauk and Fox civilians in the group to escape across the Wisconsin River.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield has been described as "beautiful and romantic". Through the early 1920s the area remained privately owned. On a cloudless Labor Day, September 3, 1923, 500 people gathered at the battlefield for the dedication of a marker at the site. A four-foot Bedford limestone marker was installed by a group consisting of the Madison Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), the Wisconsin Historical Society, and the State Archaeological Society. The monument carried the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>For 30 years the DAR marker stood as the sole monument to the battle. The Wisconsin Historical Society installed a metal interpretive marker at the site in 1957. Historians continued to shed light on the Battle of Wisconsin Heights and in 1992 a new interpretive marker was installed. The site was dedicated by then-Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson in 1998 during Wisconsin&#39;s sesquicentennial celebration.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Black Hawk War the Wisconsin Heights Battlefield was a marshy area located in the hills along the Wisconsin River. The battlefield is located within the Black Hawk Unit of the state managed and owned Lower Wisconsin State Riverway, along Highway 78, about a mile south of County Road Y, south of Sauk City. There are trails, a historic marker and a parking area at the site. Though the area around the battle site does not include modern amenities, such as plumbing and toilets, the trails within the Black Hawk Unit of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway stretch three miles (5 km) over rugged terrain. One of the trails, the Wisconsin Heights Battlefield Trail, branches from the main loop and travels through the battle site.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield has three key areas affiliated with the clash that can be viewed at the modern-day site: "Militia Ridge," where companies of Illinois and Michigan Territory militia formed up for battle; "Sharpshooter Lookout," an overlook where Sauk and Fox warriors opened fire on the militia; and "Spy&#39;s Ravine," the area between the ridge and lookout. The whole of the battlefield is best viewed from Sharpshooter Lookout.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Wisconsin Heights Battlefield is the only intact battle site from the Indian Wars found in the USA Midwest. This significance led to its inclusion in the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 2002.</p><br>
<p>It is not entirely certain that this is the site of the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, but historical sources identify this town and section, and the terrain matches ridges and swamps in descriptions of the battle. Archaeologists working with the Wisconsin DNR have looked for evidence of the battle by visual inspection, by metal detector, and by ground-penetrating radar. Along with modern shotgun shell casings and pop-tops, they found several lead balls from the era of the Black Hawk War, two cartridge case buckles, and a fastener for a leather bag. These don&#39;t seem like much evidence, but no archaeological evidence at all has been turned up at other Black Hawk War battlefields.</p><br>
<p>The W. H. York Round Barn, also known as Thompson Barn, is a historic round barn located on Country Road 249  a half mile south of Lodi, in Liberty Township, Parke County, Indiana. It was built about 1895, and is a two-level wood-frame structure on a brick foundation. The barn measures 56 feet in diameter. It has a conical roof topped by a circular cupola.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Fowler House is located at the corner of 10th and South streets in Lafayette, Indiana. The house is considered the finest example of a large Gothic Revival residence still standing in the United States. Upon his death in 1889, aged 74, Fowler had accumulated a fortune of an estimated three million dollars. Fowler and his wife, Eliza , were donors to various community interests, including Purdue University.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Moses Fowler in 1851–1852. Locally harvested black walnut and white oak were used for the ornately carved woodwork. Italian immigrant craftsmen were brought via the Wabash and Erie Canal from New York City to execute the plasterwork ceilings in the north and south parlors. When completed it was one of the finest houses in Indiana. The designs for the house were principally taken from a copy of Andrew Jackson Downing’s book The Architecture of Country Houses, c. 1851, which Fowler purchased while on a business trip in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Fowler originally came to Lafayette in 1839 from Circleville, Ohio, with his friend and business partner John Purdue (founder of Purdue University) and engaged in the dry goods business. The business lasted until 1844, when the duo parted to pursue different goals. Over the years a number of business pursuits made him very wealthy. These included the wholesale business, cattle ranching, the railroads, and banking.</p><br>
<p>Both Moses and Eliza are interred in Lafayette&#39;s Spring Vale Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, upon the death of his grandmother, Moses and Elizas grandson, Cecil G. Fowler (son of James and Eva Fowler), inherited the house and he and his wife Louise made it their residence. Cecil had followed his father and grandfather into banking but was also a developer. He partnered with Carl Fischer (developer of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway) to build the first luxury hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, which opened on New Years Eve 1920. In 1916–17, the Fowlers moved out of the house while significant renovations and additions were completed. During this time a large Tudor-style formal dining room and living room were added, along with an indoor kitchen, laundry, garage, and servants quarters. The upstairs now included seven bedrooms and five bathrooms. These included a new guest bedroom, master suite, and servants bedrooms. Outside, a large Italian-style tiered patio with fountains, a reflecting pool, a tea house, and formal gardens were added. The Fowlers loved to entertain and were well known locally for the large and extravagant parties they hosted. In 1940, with their children grown, the Fowlers sold the house to the Tippecanoe County Historical Association.</p><br>
<p>From 1940 until 2015, the Moses Fowler House was the home of the Tippecanoe County Historical Association and used at various times as a museum, offices, and for collections storage.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, The 1852 Foundation (a 501(c)(3) non-profit public charity) was founded through the generosity of Matt and Dr. Ann Jonkman. The 1852 Foundation purchased the Fowler House Mansion and from 2015 to 2018 completed over $1.3 million in restorations, repairs, code updates, and facility additions in order that the house could be open to and used by the public for tours and as an events venue.</p><br>
<p>Macys Herald Square  is the flagship of Macys department store, as well as the Macys, Inc. corporate headquarters, on Herald Square in Manhattan, New York City. The buildings 2.5 e6ft2, which includes 1.25 e6ft2 of retail space, makes it the largest department store in the United States and among the largest in the world. The store has an in-store jail, Room 140, where customers suspected of shoplifting are detained.</p><br>
<p>The Macys building was completed in 1902 after the store had occupied several previous locations in New York City. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was made a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The building is served by the New York City Subways 34th Street–Herald Square station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Previous flagship locations</h3><br>
<p>Macys was founded by Rowland Hussey Macy, who between 1843 and 1855 opened four retail dry goods stores, including the original Macys store in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts, established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area. They all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. He moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named "R.H Macy Dry Goods" at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street. On the companys first day of business on October 28, 1858, sales totaled $11.08, equivalent to $ today. From the very beginning, Macys logo has included a star in one form or another, echoing a red star-shaped tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship.</p><br>
<p>As the business grew, Macys expanded into neighboring buildings, opening more department stores, and used publicity devices such as a store Santa Claus, themed exhibits, and illuminated window displays to draw in customers. The store later moved to 18th Street and Broadway, on the "Ladies Mile", the elite shopping district of the time, where it remained for nearly forty years.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine (1850–1879), a nephew; and Abiel T. La Forge (1842–1878) of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died just two years later in 1877 from Brights disease. La Forge died in 1878 and Valentine died in 1879. Ownership of the company was passed down through the Macy family until 1895, when the company, now called "R. H. Macy & Co.", was acquired by Isidor Straus and his brother Nathan Straus, who had previously held a license to sell china and other goods in the Macys store.</p><br>
<h3>Move</h3><br>
<p>The original Broadway store was designed in 1901 and 1902 by architects Theodore de Lemos and A. W. Cordes under their architecture firm De Lemos & Cordes, and was erected by the Fuller Construction Company. It has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. Other additions to the west were completed in 1924 and 1928, and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931, all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn, the newer buildings becoming increasingly Art Deco in style. The store boasts several wooden escalators still in operation.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2012, Macys began the first full renovation of the flagship store at a reported cost of $400 million (~$ in ). Studio V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the overall master plan architect of the project, with Kevin Kennon Architects providing the exterior and entryway designs. The renovations completed in November 2015 but Macys continues to modify the store to suit changing customer tastes and maximize return on the real estate.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the company explored adding one or two towers to the building to house hotel or office space. The next year, it considered turning the structures roof into a park. Macys unveiled plans in 2019 to build a 1.2 e6ft2 office building atop the existing store. The following February, the plans were updated: the tower would be over 900 ft tall and consist of 1.5 e6ft2 of space, including a sky lobby. The tower&#39;s construction would also include improvements to the nearby area.</p><br>
<h3>Incidents</h3><br>
<p>In August 2014, Macy&#39;s agreed to a $650,000 penalty proposed by the New York Attorney General to settle a number of claims of racial profiling and false detention involving nearly two dozen African-American, Latino and other customers at the Herald Square store who had lodged complaints in February 2013. As part of the deal, the retail group agreed to introduce policies to ensure all customers were treated equally regardless of race or ethnicity.</p><br>
<p>On June 1–2, 2020, during the George Floyd protests in New York City, 17 people attempted to loot Macys Herald Square as part of a series of looting incidents around Midtown Manhattan but were thwarted by NYPD. The store had been boarded up on May 31 in advance of the protests, but looters took the boards apart. Though physical damage was limited, The New York Times reported that it was symbolic of Macys financial troubles, which had resulted after the location was forced to close during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Macy&#39;s is noted for its elaborate animated holiday and Christmas window displays in many of its USA stores, but most notably at the Herald Square location. Each year presents a different theme shown in six windows on the Broadway side of the building. Each window includes animated displays with complex scenery, attracting thousands of viewers. Since 2012, the windows have been designed, fabricated and animated by Standard Transmission Productions, based in Red Hook, Brooklyn.</p><br>
<p>In summer 2007, Macys mounted a public art exhibition at the Herald Square flagship, using its windows to display pieces from fashion designers Misaki Kawai, Anna Sui, and John F. Simon Jr. Art Under Glass was viewable to the public through that years fashion week.</p><br>
<p>Other events include:</p><br>
<p>Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade: the worlds largest parade, it takes place annually on Thanksgiving Day and ends at Macy&#39;s Herald Square.</p><br>
<p>Macy&#39;s Santaland: an area with Christmas decorations and toys where children can meet and be photographed with Santa Claus.</p><br>
<p>Macy&#39;s Flower Show: an annual spring event where flowers are coordinated to bloom as they are installed in the store.</p><br>
<p>Macy&#39;s Believe campaign: a fundraiser for the Make-A-Wish Foundation used during the holiday season.</p><br>
<h2>Partnerships</h2><br>
<p>Through a partnership with tech retailer b8ta, "The Market @ Macy&#39;s" section features pop-up spaces for new brands.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Orrin Hutchinson House, also known as the General George Hutchinson House, is the only Town of Onondaga site listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Orrin Hutchinson was a Brigadier General of the militia. He died in 1842.</p><br>
<p>He served as supervisor of the Town of Onondaga.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at 4311 West Seneca Turnpike. It has operated as a restaurant for many years. At one time the restaurant was called "The General Hutchinson House&quot later it was renamed "The Inn of the Seasons".</p><br>
<p>It was constructed around 1812, and shows Dutch and other architectural influences.</p><br>
<p>Boston College Main Campus Historic District encompasses the historic heart of the campus of Boston College in the Chestnut Hill area of Newton, Massachusetts. It consists of a collection of six Gothic Revival stone buildings, centered on Gasson Hall, designed by Charles Donagh Maginnis and begun in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The district has been ambiguously listed in the National Park Service&#39;s NRIS database (the official repository for listings on the National Register of Historic Places) as "pending" since.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Gardiner, in Ulster County, New York, United States uses the former Gardiner Schoolhouse as its town hall. It is located on US 44/NY 55 at the east end of the hamlet of Gardiner, and houses all the departments of town government, the town court and a branch office of the New York State Police. It is built in the Queen Anne style, painted green and white.</p><br>
<p>The building began life as a one-room schoolhouse rolled into the hamlet on logs in 1875. Fifty years later it was one of the few buildings to survive a fire that destroyed many other buildings in the community. It remained in use as a school, expanded to two rooms, until 1981.</p><br>
<p>The town began using it shortly afterwards, but it served mainly as a meeting place for the town board. Other offices were housed elsewhere in the town, often at the firehouse across the road and an office plaza downtown. In 2000 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and the town began to seriously consider renovating and expanding it. Some residents did not believe that was necessary, and helped defeat a $1.5 million expansion plan in a March 2001 vote. A vote later that year limited the town to $850,000 for any renovation or construction.</p><br>
<p>Three years later, a new town supervisor, Carl Zatz, initiated a project to renovate and expand the building. It caused some controversy when other town officials and residents publicly expressed doubts that the work could be done for the minimal costs Zatz claimed it would. Republican opponents, however, criticized him for destroying the school&#39;s outhouse in the process.</p><br>
<p>United Parish of Auburndale, formerly the Auburndale Congregational Church, is a historic church at 64 Hancock Street in the Auburndale village of Newton, Massachusetts. Built in 1857 for an 1850 congregation and repeatedly enlarged, it is a prominent regional example of Romanesque architecture in wood. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Auburndale Congregational Church was organized in 1850, and the main part of the church building was completed in 1857 to a design by Charles Edward Parker, an architect who lived nearby. Its spire was blown down and rebuilt in 1862, and the nave was sympathetically extended in</p><br>
<p>Auburndale Congregational Church has become a federated congregation known as United Parish of Auburndale and affiliated in 1878, the same year its chapel was added. The porch on the south side was added in 1880, and the chapel was enlarged in 1892. A single-story office wing was added in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The organ is an 1870 E.&G.G. Hook restored and enlarged by George Bozeman Jr. in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The present congregation was formed in 1980 when the original congregation formed a federated union with the Centenary United Methodist Church. It now maintains affiliation with both the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is located in the southern part of the village of Auburndale, in a residential area near Lasell Junior College. It is set on the eastern corner of Hancock Street and Woodland Road, and is oriented with its front facing Hancock Street. It is a long single-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior. A three-stage square tower rises from the front right corner, its levels defined by round-arch Romanesque windows and belfry openings, with a slate-roof steeple at the top. The main entrance is set at the center of the Hancock Street facade, beneath a large stained-glass round-arch window. Window bays are articulated by pilasters, and most windows have round-arch tops. The eaves and gable ends are adorned with drip moulding. The porch on the south side has elaborate later Victorian decorative elements.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Other than hosting weekly congregations and other religious services, the church is involved in several fundraisers and community service actions. In the past it has hosted weekly alcoholics anonymous meetings. It also holds an annual pumpkin patch fundraiser in October.</p><br>
<p>Seven Islands Methodist Church is a historic church located near the south bank of the French Broad River in Knox County, Tennessee. The church building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1803, the first Methodist congregation established in Knox County. The church was built circa 1865. As of 1994 it was being used by a non-denominational congregation. The building was listed on the National Register in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The church is part of a community that also includes a log house from the early 1800s, timber frame and brick homes from the 1830s and 1850s, and other churches. The Peter Keener home, located one quarter mile from the church and built circa 1790s still stands today. The Seven Islands Wildlife Refuge has been created to maintain the 19th century history of this area.</p><br>
<p>Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church  is a historic church located in Forest Township, Rice County, Minnesota. It is situated 11 mi west of Northfield at 4695 Millersburg Blvd.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior in 1995 because of its historical significance and its ties to the Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery by the James-Younger Gang on September 7, 1876.</p><br>
<h2>Early Swedish Settlers</h2><br>
<p>Christdala congregation was formed in 1877 by Swedish immigrants who settled in Rice County. The church was built in Late Gothic Revival style during 1878. Worship services were discontinued in 1966. Dating from 1994, several members of the former Christdala congregation formed the Christdala Church Preservation and Cemetery. Christdala Church and Cemetery are both well preserved. Today the church serves as a memorial to the contributions made by a small group of Swedish-American settlers in Rice County in the latter half of the 19th century. They prospered, built a simple church and made lasting contributions to their community.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>1856 – George Miller homesteaded 160 acre and platted a village recorded as "Millersburg." Miller erected a mill and a hotel and a partner started a general store, attracting "Yankee" settlers from the east. Later a post office and blacksmith shop were established.</p><br>
<p>1870 – First Swedish immigrants settled in the Millersburg area from the Red Wing&ndash;Vasa area and initially held services in their homes.</p><br>
<p>1871 – Lester post office established by John W. Thompson one mile (1.6 km) west of Christdala. Thompson&#39;s business card read: Notary Public, Justice of the Peace, Real Estate Developer, Minnesota State Legislature, Postmaster." More than half a dozen Swedish families now lived in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>1873 – Economic depression in the USA</p><br>
<p>1876 – Nicolaus Gustafson, a recent immigrant from Sweden, was killed in Northfield, Minnesota on September 7, 1876 during the notorious James-Younger Gang&#39;s robbery of the Northfield bank on September 7. Gustafson was buried in the Northfield Cemetery because the Millersburg Swedish community had no church or cemetery. The Millersburg Swedes immediately started planning for the construction of their own church and cemetery. The old church records lead to a conclusion that Jesse James was not in Minnesota during the Northfield bank robbery but remained with his family in Nashville, Tennessee. It appears that the gang leaders at the time of the Northfield robbery were Cole Younger and Frank James.</p><br>
<p>1877 – The first Swedish immigrants to settle in the dense and virgin "Big Woods" of Rice County formed the Christdala congregation on July 18, 1877. Christdala congregation was established by 13 founding families on 1.125 acre of land given by neighbours Peter Youngquist & Carl Hirdler. Christdala was admitted into the Minnesota Conference of the Lutheran Augustana Synod.</p><br>
<p>1878 – Christdala church building was constructed by John Olson and John Lundberg of Northfield for $230.00. The existing Christdala Church building is original and has never been altered or moved.</p><br>
<p>1878 to 1918 – High point of Swedish immigration into the USA, Minnesota & Rice County.</p><br>
<p>1880 – Pulpit was built by John Olson for $15.00, interior walls plastered, native ash wainscoting installed. Oil lamps and first organ acquired. Annual membership dues were $4.00 for men, $3.00 for women and the church building had an insured value of $600.00.</p><br>
<p>1881 – Front steps and horse stalls were built; table, chairs, baptismal font purchased (still in church today). Each family required to provide one cord of basswood per year for heating.</p><br>
<p>1882 – Christdala congregation reached 70 families and Sunday church attendance averaged 170 people.</p><br>
<p>1885 – Christdala church constitution adopted. Over 55% of Christdala&#39;s budget was dedicated to education. The church records stated: "The fruit of a surrendered life becomes capable of sacrificing personal advantages for the sake and welfare of the group."</p><br>
<p>1886 – New organ purchased from Wick Organ Company in Chicago (still in use today).</p><br>
<p>1890 – Membership peaked at 230 members. Church resolution: "Resolved that all children know their ABCs before they attend school."</p><br>
<p>1892 – Carpet installed inside church. Treasurer&#39;s report: "All debts have been paid and there is a balance of $147.14 in the treasury. This is the best condition in all of our history."</p><br>
<p>1893 – Window shades & burial equipment acquired. Economic depression in USA ("Cleveland&#39;s Panic").</p><br>
<p>1895 – 60 ft bell tower added to front of church.</p><br>
<p>1897 – Congregation acquired Blacksmith Sandbo&#39;s house west of Millersburg for $552.99 as a parish house.</p><br>
<p>1901 – Bell installed in belfry.</p><br>
<p>1903 – English services offered once a month on Sunday afternoon or evening.</p><br>
<p>1917 - English adopted as the only language. New wood-burning furnace and hot air registers installed, wood fireplace in basement removed, convection floor slats covered. Original hand-fashioned kneeling benches replaced with 18 identical oak pews, 9 on each side of the center aisle.</p><br>
<p>1927 – Christdala celebrated 50th Anniversary.</p><br>
<p>1938 – Fewer than six pioneer families remained in the Christdala community.</p><br>
<p>1942 – Christdala&#39;s 65th Anniversary: "The blessings of their endeavors are ours.…as giants in the earth they stood, their faith in God availing."</p><br>
<p>1950 – Church membership declined to 30 members.</p><br>
<p>1957 – Interior walls replastered and painted for Christdala&#39;s 80th Anniversary.</p><br>
<p>1966 – Membership declined to a handful, Christdala congregation disestablished.</p><br>
<p>1978 – Christdala cemetery association established.</p><br>
<p>1994 – Christdala Church Preservation & Cemetery Association incorporated as an IRS-approved charitable organization for tax-deductible gifts. Substantial funds raised to preserve the church with new paint, roof, windows, fence, front steps, flag poles.</p><br>
<p>1995 - Christdala formally placed on "The National Register of Historic Places" by USA Department of the Interior (National Park Service) because of historical significance. Lt. Governor Joanne Benson officiated at official induction ceremony at Christdala. The History of the Christdala Evangelical Lutheran Church prepared, copies available upon request.</p><br>
<p>2002 – Christdala celebrated 125th Anniversary. Christdala Preservation Association established a Permanent Fund goal of $1,000,000 for perpetual maintenance.</p><br>
<p>2007 - Christdala celebrated 130th Anniversary; invested over $250,000 in the church and cemetery between 1994-2007.</p><br>
<p>2008 - Christdala acquired the old Millersburg Schoolhouse, built in 1887, for use as a records repository and community museum. Restoration of the old one-room schoolhouse where the local Swedish community attended school into the 1950s is on-going.</p><br>
<p>Justin Morrill Hall, known almost exclusively as Morrill Hall, is an academic building of Cornell University on its main campus in Ithaca, New York. As of 2009, it houses the university&#39;s Departments of Romance Studies, Russian Literature, and Linguistics. The building is named in honor of Justin Smith Morrill, who as Senator from Vermont was the primary proponent of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862 which greatly assisted the founding of Cornell University. Morrill Hall was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Morrill Hall was Cornell Universitys first newly constructed building, built at a cost of $70,111 and opening on October 7, 1868, as South University Building, or less formally, as South Hall. It is the southernmost of the three buildings which comprise the "Stone Row" which forms the west side of Cornells Arts Quadrangle, all constructed of Ithaca bluestone quarried from the base of Libe Slope. An early Cornell professor, Goldwin Smith, said dismissively of these three buildings that "nothing can redeem them but dynamite." While all three of these historic buildings remain standing, each has undergone periods of extensive renovation to overcome the limitations of their original structural designs.</p><br>
<p>While the building primarily provides a home for language-related departments such as Romance Studies, Russian Literature, and Linguistics, Morrill Hall has previously served as the headquarters for a much broader variety of departments. The fourth floor of the building housed the Cornell Law School in its entirety when it first opened in 1887. was located Morrill Hall&#39;s basement during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior architectural style of Morrill Hall has been alternatively described as Second Empire The structure was originally divided into three distinct sections: a southern wing containing student residential suites with room for sixty students</p><br>
<p>The buildings comprising the Stone Row – Morrill Hall, McGraw Hall, and White Hall – all face westward toward Libe Slope, as the university originally intended to develop the slope area with further construction projects. Later construction efforts, however, focused on the area east of the three historical buildings, leaving them facing the wrong way. Morrill Halls current interior layout, following a 1973 remodeling, thus runs counter to the original exterior orientation. The structures three primary entrances and main reception area all open to the eastern face of the building on the Arts Quadrangle, with only one of the original western entrances still in use. Thus, the exterior front of the building now serves functionally as the back of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Amos Adams House is a historic house in the Newton Corner village of Newton, Massachusetts. Built in 1888, it is a prominent local example of Queen Anne architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Amos Adams House stands in a large residential area roughly midway between the villages of Newton Corner and Newton Centre, on the west side of Park Avenue near its junction with Green Park. It is a -story structure, with a tall hip roof and clapboarded exterior. It has asymmetrical massing typical of the style, as well as a variety of projecting gables and porches, an octagonal tower, and tall paneled-brick chimneys. The front facade is divided into roughly three sections, with the tower on the right, a central single-story entry porch with turned posts and balustrade above, and a rectangular projecting section on the left that increases in size to a third-level gable with Stick style woodwork in the gable top and a small balcony on the third level. A small gable section projects above the entrance porch, and a small hip-roof dormer is found in the tall roof above that. Gable ends are typically clad in decorative shingles, and there are paneled sections below windows of the turret and the left projection.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1888, on land that had previously been part of the large estate of Albert Brackett, a prominent local coal and lumber dealer. Brackett sold off portions of his estate in response to increasing development pressures. The house was built for Amos Adams, a businessman who commuted to Boston, a common occurrence in residents of this area.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church in Newton was founded in 1788. Its historic building  is located at 848 Beacon Street in the village of Newton Centre, in Newton, Massachusetts. On April 15, 1982, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Affiliations</h2><br>
<p>As an American Baptist Church, all decisions on church matters rest with its own members. First Baptist Church in Newton is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and a member of The American Baptist Churches of Massachusetts (TABCOM). It also belongs to the Alliance of Baptists and to AWAB, the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First Baptist Church in Newton was founded on July 5, 1780, on a site just west</p><br>
<p>of the present building.</p><br>
<p>The present building was constructed in 1888 in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style pioneered by Henry Hobson Richardson. The church&#39;s architect was John Lyman Faxon.</p><br>
<h2>Famous minister</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Francis Smith, famous as the author of My Country, &#39;Tis of Thee (also known as America), was minister of the church from 1842 to 1854. The bell tower on the present building was given in his memory and was rededicated as the America bell tower in 1932.</p><br>
<p>The Mayslake Peabody Estate is an estate constructed as a country home for Francis Stuyvesant Peabody between 1919 and 1922. The estate is located in the western Chicago suburb of Oak Brook, Illinois, United States, and is now part of the Mayslake Forest Preserve administered by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County.</p><br>
<p>Originally encompassing an area of over 848 acre, the estate now contains a total area of 87 acre. The entire complex features the Tudor Revival style Mayslake Hall, its retreat wing, and the Portiuncula Chapel, a replica of the Chapel of St. Francis in Assisi, Italy. Approximately 22 acre of wetlands, lakes, restored prairies and two small oak savannas are included within the 87 acre territory.</p><br>
<p>On November 8, 1994, Mayslake Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and early ownership</h3><br>
<p>The Mayslake Peabody Estate was constructed from 1919 to 1921 for wealthy coal baron and Democratic politician Francis Stuyvesant Peabody. At the time of the estate&#39;s construction, Peabody was the owner of one of the largest coal companies in the United States, the Peabody Coal Company, which has since become Peabody Energy, the largest private sector coal company in the world.</p><br>
<p>Peabody first began purchasing land in the eastern portion of DuPage County in 1910. He used the land to create Peabody Farms, later renamed Mayslake Farms. By 1919 Peabody had approximately 848 acre of land for use between parcels he owned and leased. Construction of Mayslake Hall, his Tudor Revival style country house began in 1919. The estate is named in honor of his first wife, who died in 1907, and his daughter, both of whom were named May.</p><br>
<p>Only a year after Mayslake Hall was completed, on August 27, 1922, Francis Peabody died of a heart attack during a fox hunt on his property. Peabody was 63 years old at the time of his death.</p><br>
<h3>Later ownership and additions</h3><br>
<p>After Francis Peabodys death, his family did not wish to reside at the estate, and on March 28, 1924, the estate was sold to the Franciscan Order for a total of $450,000. Beginning in 1925, the Franciscans used Mayslake Hall as a retreat house. After Peabodys death, the Portiuncula Chapel, a replica of the Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi in Assisi, Italy, was added to the property in memory of him. Completed in 1926, the chapel was one of the first replicas of the original chapel in the United States. The Portiuncula Chapel at the Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Land in America in Washington, D.C. was also built around the same time. Originally, the chapel was located at the site of Peabody&#39;s death. It was moved to its present location near the mansion in 1973. Behind the chapel, a semi-circular memorial wall surrounding a flower and herb garden, was constructed by the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the St. Joseph Seminary was added to the complex, but was later demolished. In 1951, an additional wing was added to the country house (now known as the retreat wing). St. Paschal&#39;s Friary was built on the estate between 1952 and 1964. The Friary was demolished in 2011. During the 1930s and 1970s, the Franciscans sold large portions of the estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, the Franciscans announced the pending sale of the remaining 87 acre to a developer who planned to raze remaining buildings and build 130 luxury homes. Conservationists, historic preservationists and DuPage County citizens formed a group to save the historic property. With the assistance of the group&#39;s efforts, DuPage County voters approved a $17.5 million referendum providing the Forest Preserve District with funds to purchase Mayslake in 1992. The area is now part of the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County. Mayslake Hall hosts cultural and educational programs throughout the year, including lectures, art classes, and concerts. Paid, guided tours of the hall take place on weekdays from 12:30pm and on Saturdays at 11:30am. The estate used to be home to First Folio Theatre. First Folio Theatre ceased operations in early 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Mayslake Hall was designed in the Tudor Revival style by Benjamin Marshall of Marshall & Fox, an architectural firm based in Chicago. The country house somewhat resembles Compton Wynyates, a 15th-century manor house in Warwickshire, England. The building&#39;s architectural elements include decorative half-timbering and groups of tall, narrow windows.</p><br>
<p>Mayslake Hall features a library, kitchen, private study, numerous bedrooms and bathrooms, servants quarters, and other rooms. Francis Peabodys private study contains a secret staircase leading to a basement.</p><br>
<p>During years of disrepair, the building suffered significant architectural and structural damage, but is being remediated by a restoration process within Mayslake Hall. The restoration is ongoing.</p><br>
<p>The service complex was designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw including servants&#39; quarters, horse stables, garages, workshops, and a greenhouse, but these service buildings have since been razed.</p><br>
<p>Dubois-Kierstede Stone House is one of several historic stone buildings in Saugerties, New York. It was built in 1727 and modified over the years. It is currently the home of the Saugerties Historical Society, which operates the structure as the Kiersted House Museum. In 2001, the society received a $150k grant to further restore the building. The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Francis Stuyvesant Peabody House is a historical Queen Anne–style residence in Hinsdale, Illinois, most notably owned by Francis S. Peabody of Peabody Coal from 1911 to 1921.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1889 and was purchased by Francis Stuyvesant Peabody in 1911. Peabody was the founder of Peabody, Daniels & Company, which bought coal from mines and sold it to Chicago area homes and businesses. In 1903, his company forged a deal with the Chicago Edison Company to be the main supplier of coal for local power plants. Coal demand for these plants skyrocketed, and by 1920, Peabody&#39;s company supplied over 2.3 million tons of coal per year. Peabody was also associated with the Democratic Party and was considered for the Vice President of the United States in 1912. He stepped down as company president in favor of his son Stuyvesant in 1919 and served as chairman of the board until his death in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Peabodys second wife, Mary Gertrude Sullivan, was originally a resident of Hinsdale and was a possible influence on Peabodys decision to reside there. Peabody lived in 15 different houses during his career, but was most associated with his Hinsdale residence. The south side of the home was probably extended while the Peabodys lived there. The Peabodys moved into the Mayslake Peabody Estate in 1921.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is on the southwest corner of Third and Washington Streets in a residential district. The house immediately to the east is thought to be formerly associated with the Peabody property, perhaps a barn or garage. The main facade faces north toward Third Street. The exterior is largely covered in narrow clapboards painted light tan. The two stories of the house are divided on the exterior with a thin line of dark tan molding. It is built on an ashlar limestone foundation, painted off-white. The original house was built in 1889 and consisted of what is now the parlor, tower, front hall, and part of the kitchen, library, and dining room. There were significant additions around 1897, where the southern and western ends of the house were extended. Furthermore, the wood deck was replaced with limestone, a third floor dormer window was added to the tower, a room was added on the second and this floors above the main porch, a porte-cochere was added to the east of the porch, and a new hexagonal porch was added to the northwest corner. A second wave of additions occurred some time between 1909 and 1919 and probably occurred shortly after it was purchased by Peabody. The south side was again extended. Modern additions occurred in 1940 and.</p><br>
<p>The Tuthilltown Gristmill is located off Albany Post Road  in Gardiner, New York, United States. It was built in 1788, as the National Register reports, and has been expanded several times since.</p><br>
<p>Until recently it was the oldest continuously operated grist mill in the state. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Around that time it began producing kosher flour for use in baking matzoh. In 2007, its present owners began converting it into a restaurant opening in August, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The mill property is located at the end of Tuthilltown Road, which follows the west bank of the Shawangunk for a short distance from Albany Post Road just south of its intersection with US 44/NY 55. The stream is to its east, with the neighboring area being a combination of woodlots and fields, and directly adjacent to the first Whiskey Distillery in New York since Prohibition. Tuthilltown Spirits previously owned the Grist Mill, and carries its name. The Erenzo family and Tuthilltown Distillery has recently assumed management responsibilities for the restaurant. Sale of the Grist Mill back to the Erenzo family, is in process and should be completed by September 2014. This will once again return the Tuthilltown property to its full historic size, incorporating the Distillery, the Mill, the Mill race, the dam, and the main house back into one property There are a few other houses on the street.</p><br>
<p>There are several outbuildings on the property. Most are of more recent construction or, if historic, have been modified extensively and no longer retain their historic integrity. The National Register listing includes two contributing properties besides the mill: its dam further up the Shawangunk and the 2,500 ft right-of-way around the mill race between it and the main mill building.</p><br>
<p>The main building is a three-story frame structure on a fieldstone foundation. Its gabled roof has a clerestory monitor. Asbestos siding covers the original clapboard. A shed-roofed one-story addition to the south houses the mill store. Inside most of the original finishes and layout remain. Four runs of millstones are on the first floor, powered by a Leffel turbine. A concrete headrace delivers water to the turbine pit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Selah Tuthill built the mill on the Shawangunk Kill, immediately above the confluence with the Wallkill River, in 1788 when he was 18. The settlement that sprung up around it was the Town of Gardiner&#39;s commercial hub until the construction of the Wallkill Valley Railroad spurred the development of the hamlet of Gardiner.</p><br>
<p>Its original power source was an undershot wheel, later replaced by an overshot wheel. Between 1880 and 1910 much of its modern grinding technology, such as the vertical-shaft turbine drive system, was installed. In 1943 the addition was built, and another addition was incorporated into the mill building as its garage.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the Tuthilltown Gristmill is being renovated into while maintaining as much integrity of the original structure as possible.</p><br>
